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Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment)

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi

Asaase a wɔhwɛ so no akora Hopetoun Falls, Australia abɔdeɛ mu su ahodoɔ so bere a ɛma nsrahwɛfoɔ tumi kɔ mmeaeɛ pii no.
Sahara serɛ so mfonini a efiri satellite so. Ɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛyɛ hye sen biara wɔ wiase ne anhweatam a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa a ɛso sene bibiara wɔ po so anhweatam akyi .

Abɔdeɛ, ɛmu nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia anaa abɔdeɛ mu wiase no ka nnoɔma a nkwa wɔ mu ne nnoɔma a ɛnni nkwa a ɛba wɔ abɔdeɛ mu nyinaa ho, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔ wei mu no ɛnyɛ dea wɔde nsa ayɛ. Wɔtaa de asɛmfua no di dwuma wɔ Asase anaa Asase afa ahodoɔ bi ho. Saa nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi ka nkitahodie a ɛda abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔ mu nyinaa ntam, berɛ tenten mu wiem tebea , daadaa wiem tebea ne abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a ɛka nnipa nkwa ne sikasɛm mu dwumadie ho.[1] Yɛbɛtumi akyerɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adwene no mu sɛ nnoɔma a ɛka bom:

Dea ɛne abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma bɔ abira no, ɛyɛ mmeaeɛ a nnipa asesa nnoɔma pii te sɛ nkuro akeseɛ ne kuayɛ nsase a yɛasesa mu. Nneyɛeɛ a ɛte sɛ nea ɛnyɛ nea ɛtra so kɛseɛ mpo, te sɛ atɛkyɛ apata anaa photovoltaic nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔsisi wɔ serɛ so, nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔasesa no bɛyɛ nea wɔde nsa ayɛ. Ɛwom sɛ mmoa pii si nnoɔma na ama wɔanya tebea pa deɛ, nanso wɔnyɛ nnipa, enti wosusu sɛ beaver dams, ne nwansena a wsisi nkoko, adwuma no yɛ abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma.

Nkurɔfoɔ ntumi nhunu abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia koraa wɔ Asase so, na abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma taa gu ahodoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ so so, efiri abɔdeɛ mu ɔha nkyekyemu 100% wɔ ɔfa baako so kɔsi ɔha nktekyemu hwee so 0% abɔdeɛ wɔ ɔfa foforo so. Nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae kɛseɛ a adesamma anya wɔ Anthropocene no aka abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nyinaa titiri: nea efa wim nsakrae, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔhwere ne efi a efiri plastic ne nnuru afoforɔ a ɛwɔ mframa ne nsu mu mu ka ho. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɛpɛɛpɛ a, yɛbɛtumi asusu nnoɔma ahodoɔ anaa nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho, na yɛahunu sɛ sɛdeɛ wɔn abɔdeɛ teɛ no nyɛ pɛ.[2] Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, sɛ wɔ kuayɛ mu a, mineralogic composition ne n’asase no nhyehyɛe te sɛ kwaeɛ mu asase a wɔanhaw no deɛ, nanso sɛdeɛ wɔahyehyɛ no yɛ soronko koraa.

Ne Nhyiamu

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Asase so nnoɔma a ɛwɔ afa hodoɔ: (1) emu ntini; (2) emu ntini; (3) mantle a ɛwɔ ase; (4) mantle a ɛwɔ soro; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust
Ɛyɛ ogya bepɔ a ɛpaapae na ɛpaapae

Asase ho nyansahunu taa gye tom sɛ nnoɔma nnan bi wɔ hɔ a, ɛno ne ɔbotan, nsuo, mframa, ne nkwa.[3] Nyansahunufoɔ bi ka sɛ, asase no so nneɛma no fa bi ne "kriosifee" (a ɛne asukɔtweaa hyia) a ɛyɛ nsuwansuwa no fa a ɛda nso, ne "pedosphere" (a ɛne asase hyia) a ɛyɛ asase so nneɛma a ɛbom yɛ adwuma. Asase ho nyansahunu (nea wɔsane frɛ no asase ho nyansahunu, asase ho nyansahunu, anaa asase ho nyansahunu) yɛ asɛmfua bi a ɛfa nyansahunu a ɛfa asase ho nyinaa ho. Nnoɔma atitiri nnan na ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ ho nyansahunu mu: asase ho nimdeɛ, asase ho nimdeɛ, asase ho nimdeɛ ne asase ho nimdeɛ[4]. Saa nneɛma atitiri yi mu no, wɔde abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma, nnuru, nkwa ho nsɛm, berɛ ne akontaabu di dwuma de hwehwɛ sɛdeɛ wɔbɛtumi ate asase ho nsɛm ase yie.

Asase Ho Adwuma

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Asase a ɛwɔ asase so no, ɛno ne asase no fa a ɛyɛ den sene biribiara, na ɛyɛ soronko wɔ nnuru ne mfiri a ɛwɔ asase so no ho. Ɛnam ogya mu nneɛma a ɛma magma yɛ nwini na ɛsane yɛ den so na ɛdan ɔbotan a ɛyɛ den so na ɛyɛe. Sɛ yɛhwɛ asase ase a, yehunu sɛ mframa a ɛwɔ asase mu no yɛ mframa a ɛrebɔ kɔ soro. Ɛwom sɛ mantle no yɛ den deɛ, nanso ɛrebɔ ara na ɛrebɔ. Saa akwantuo yi ma nhwiren a ɛwɔ asase ase no tu kɔ baabiara, ɛwom sɛ ɛtu kɔ ntɛmntɛm deɛ. Dea ɛfiri mu ba no, wɔfrɛ no pilate tektonikfoɔ. Sɛ ogya bepɔ a ɛrehye ba a, dea ɛma ɛba ne sɛ, asase no mu nnoɔma a ɛwɔ asase no so anaa mantle a ɛrekɔ soro wɔ ɛpo no mfinimfini no ano no ano yɛ nwini.

Nsuo A Ɛwɔ Asase So

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Nsuo dodoɔ no ara wɔ nsuo ahodoɔ mu.

Asase mu mmoadoma a ɛwɔ po mu no dɔɔso paa.

Po

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Ɛpo yɛ nsuo a ɛwɔ nkyene a ɛwɔ asase mu, na ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛwɔ asase mu no fa. Asase so ahinanan no bɛyɛ ɔha nkyekyemu aduoson baako 71% (a ne trɛtrɛ bɛyɛ kilomita mpem aha mmiɛnsa ne mmienu (362) yɛ ɛpo, nsu a ɛtra so a wɔtaa kyekyɛ mu nsase akɛseɛ ne nsase nketewa pii. Asase yi fa a ɛsene saa no mu fa wɔ asase ase a emu dɔ bɛyɛ mita mpem mmiɛnsa (3,000). Sɛ yɛhwɛ ɛpo mu nsuo a, emu nkyene wom bɛyɛ mpem aduosa nnum 35 (ppt) (3,5%), na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛpo mu nsu nyinaa wɔ nkyene wɔ 30 kɔsi 38 ppt. Ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa bu saa nsu yi sɛ ɛpo ahorow pii de, nanso ɛbom yɛ nsu a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛbom yɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nkyene a wɔtaa frɛ no Wiase Po anaa wiase po.[5][6] Asase so fa a ɛwɔ po ase no boro po ase asase so fa, na ɛka abɔdeɛ a nneɛma asesa no ho. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛpo akɛseɛ no mu nketewa no bi ne nsase akɛse, nsupɔw ahorow, ne nneɛma foforo: saa nketewa yi ne (wɔ sɛnea ne kɛse rekɔ so no) Pacific Po, Atlantic Po, Indian Po, Southern Po ne Arctic Po.

Nsubɔnten

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Rocky stream in the U.S. state of Hawaii

Asubɔnten yɛ nsuo a efiiri abɔdeɛ mu,[7] a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nsuo pa, a ɛsene kɔ po mu, ɔtadeɛ mu, po mu anaa asubɔnten foforɔ mu. Asubɔnten kakraa bi tu kɔ asase mu na ewim koraa a wonnya nsuo foforɔ.

Nsuo a ɛwɔ asubɔnten mu no taa yɛ asuten, a ɛda nsubɔnten bi ntam. Wɔ nsubɔnten akɛse mu no, nsu a ɛsen nsubɔnten no so no taa ma nsuwansuwa no yɛ kɛse. Asubɔnten a ɛtwe kɔ nsu no mu no kɛse te sɛ nsu a ɛtwe kɔ nsu no so no. Asubɔnten yɛ nsu ne nsu mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no fa. Mpɛn pii no, nsu a ɛwɔ asubɔnten mu no, efi nsu a ɛtɔ wɔ asase ani so, asase ase nsu a ɛsan ba, nsu a efi nsubɔnten mu, ne nsu a wɔde asie wɔ nsukyenee ne sukyerɛmma mu no mu. Wobetumi de din afoforo a ebi ne nsubɔnten, nsubɔnten, ne nsubɔnten no nso afrɛ nsubɔnten nketewa. Wɔn asorɔkye no kɔ so wɔ nsu no mu ne asubɔnten no ano. Asuten ahorow no di dwuma titiriw sɛ akwantufo a wɔde fa mmeaeɛ a atetew no ho ma enti ɛma wɔkora abɔde mu nneɛma ahorow so. Wɔtaa frɛ nsubɔnten ne nsuo mu nsuo ho adesua no asase so nsu ho adesua.[8]

Lacar Ɔtadeɛ a ɛwɔ Neuquén mantam mu, Argentina

Ɔtadeɛ

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Atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ Everglades National Park, Florida, U.S.A.

Ɔtadeɛ (firi Latin lacus) yɛ asase bi, nsu a ɛwɔ ɔtadeɛ ase. Wɔfa nsuo sɛ ɔtadeɛ berɛ a ɛwɔ asase mu, ɛnka po ho, na emu yɛ kɛseɛ na emu dɔ sene ɔtadeɛ.[9][10]

Wɔtaa hu nsubɔnten a ɛwɔ asase so wɔ mmepɔ so, nsubɔnten mu, ne mmeaeɛ a nsubɔnten no ano ayɛ den anaa ɛreyɛ ayɛ den. Atadeɛ afoforo wɔ nsubɔnten a emu dɔ mu anaa nsubɔnten a emu dɔ mu. Wɔ wiase mmeaeɛ bi no, nsubɔnten pii wɔ hɔ esiane sɛ nsuo a ɛtwe kɔ nsuo mu no ayɛ basabasa a ɛfiri nsukyenee berɛ a ɛtwaam no mu. Ɔtadeɛ ahodoɔ nyinaa yɛ berɛ tiaa mu nnoɔma, ɛfiri sɛ nkakrankakra wɔde nkakrankakra bɛhyɛ mu ma anaa ɛbɛdwane afiri nsuo no mu.

Baka

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Nsuo a ɛwɔ baka mu no yɛ nsuo a ɛwɔ hɔ a nnipa na ɛyɛeɛ, na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ ketewa sene ɔtadeɛ. Nnipa ayɛ nsuo pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ no baka, ebi ne nsuo nturo a wɔde siesie nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛ, mpataa a wɔde siesie abura a wɔde yi mpataa ma wɔde di dwa, ne owia a wɔde siesie abura a wɔde sie ahoɔden. Asutene ne baka ahodoɔ no, nsuo a ɛwɔ mu no na ɛma wohu nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda wɔn ne nsubɔntene ntam. Berɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛ sɛ wobɛhunu nsubɔntene mu asorɔkye no, nsuo a ano yɛ den a mframa bɔ no tumi ka nsu nketenkete a ano yɛ den wɔ ɔtadeɛ ne baka ahorow mu. Saa su ahodoɔ yi ma baka bi da nso wɔ nsuo mu nnoɔma foforɔ te sɛ nsubɔntene ne asorɔkye mu.

Deɛ onipa yɛ wɔ nsuo so

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Nnipa tumi nya nsuo so nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ akwan hodoɔ so te sɛ nsubɔnten a wɔsakra mu (nam nsuo a wɔkeka ne nsubɔnten a wɔtwe kɔ nsu mu so), nkuro akɛseɛ a wɔakyekyere mu, ne kwaeɛ a wotwa. Eyinom ka ɔtadeɛ no mu nsuo, asase ase nsuo, nsuo mu fi, ɔhye mu fi, ne po mu fi. Nnipa nam ɔkwan a wɔfa so di nsubɔnten ho dwuma tee so na ɛsakra wɔn.[11] Yɛhyehyɛ dam ne nsu a wɔde sie, na yɛtumi kyerɛ nsubɔnten ne nsuo kwan kwan. Nsunsuansoɔ a ɛwɔ nsuo ase no bɛtumi ama nsuo atena nsuo ase, na ɛde anyinam ahoɔden nso aba. Nanso, nsuo a wɔkora so ne adane a wɔde sie nsuo ano bɛtumi asɛeɛ abɔdeɛ a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne wuram mmoa. Nsunsuansoɔ a ɛfiri nsuo ase no ma mpataa no tu kɔ baabi foforo, na mmoawammoawa no nso tu kɔ nsuo no ase. Nkuropɔn a ɛretrɛ no ka abɔdeɛ a atwa yɛn ho ahyia esiane kwaeɛ a wotwa ne nsubɔnten a ɛresɛeɛ, asase ase nsuo a ɛresɛe, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Kwaeɛ a wotwa ne nkuro akɛseɛ a wɔakyekyere kɔ so yɛ adeɛ koro. Kwaeɛ a wotwa no tumi de nsuyiri ba, ɛma nsubɔnten no ano brɛ ase, na ɛma nsuo no ano nnɔbaeɛ sesa. Nnua a ɛsakra no ba efiri sɛ nnua no nnya nsuo a ɛfata a, efiri ase sɛe, na ɛma wuram mmoa a wɔwɔ beaeɛ bi no nnuane a wonya no so te.[11]

Maapo

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World map by Gerard van Schagen, Amsterdam, 1689
 
World map from CIA World Factbook, 2016

Maapo yɛ nsɛnkyerɛnne kwan so mfonini a ɛma yehu sɛnea nneɛma bi te sɛ nneɛma, mmeaeɛ, anaa nsɛm bi te fa beaeɛ bi ho.

Maapo pii wɔ hɔ a ɛnhinhim, wɔde si krataa so anaa biribi foforɔ so, na ebi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛtumi sesa anaa etumi yɛ adwuma. Ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de asase mfonini yɛ adwuma de kyerɛ asase ho nsɛm de, nanso asase mfonini bɛtumi akyerɛ beaeɛ biara, sɛ ɛyɛ nokware anaa atoro a, ɛmfa ho sɛdeɛ tebea no te anaa ne kɛseɛ te, te sɛ amemene ho mfonini, DNA ho mfonini, anaa kɔmputa so dwumadie ho mfonini. Asaase a wɔretwerɛ no mu no betumi ayɛ mmienu te sɛ asase no so, asase mmiɛnsa te sɛ asase no mu, anaa mpo asaase biara a ɛboro saa, te sɛ nea ɛrekɔ so bere a wɔretwerɛ nsunsuansoɔ a ɛwɔ nnoɔma pii mu no.

Ɛwom sɛ asase mfonini a edi kan a wonim no yɛ nsoromma ho mfonini de, nanso nsase ho mfonini a wɔde yɛ adwuma no firi teteete na ɛwɔ hɔ. Asɛmfua "maapo" no firi Latin kasa a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so mmienu no mu: Mappa mundi, a ɛkyerɛ 'ntoma' anaa 'atadeɛ' ne mundi a ɛkyerɛ 'wiase.' Enti, "maapo" bɛyɛɛ asɛmfua a wɔatwa no tiaa de kyerɛɛ sɛ asase no so mfonini a ɛwɔ afa mmienu.

Abakɔsɛm

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Tabula Rogeriana, one of the most advanced early world maps, by Muhammad al-Idrisi, 1154

Adansedie ho abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛdeɛ adansedie ho nimdeɛ, anaa adansedie ho nimdeɛ a wɔde yɛ asase mfonini, renya nkɔsoɔ wɔ nnipa abakɔsɛm mu. Mfonini a nnipa ayɛ no mfeɛ mpempem pii ni no mu baako a ɛho hia paa ne nea ɛma nnipa tumi kyerɛkyerɛ wiase no mu kyerɛ wɔn kwan. Map a akyɛ paa a ɛda so wɔ hɔ no bi ne abodan mu mfonini ne mfonini a wɔayɛ wɔ nnua ne aboɔ so, na nea edi hɔ ne maapo pii a tete Babilon, Greece ne Roma, China, ne India yɛeɛ. Wɔ wɔn mfoni a emu da hɔ no mu no, asase mfonini yɛ nnoɔma a ɛwɔ afa mmienu, nanso ɛfiri tete Greece no, wɔde asase mfonini a ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa a wɔfrɛ no wiase no nso ayɛ ho adwuma. Mercator Mfonini no a Flemish asase ho nimdefo Gerardus Mercator yɛe no, na wɔde di dwuma kɛse sɛ asase so mfonini a ɛwɔ afa abien wɔ wiase mfonini mu kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 no awiei, bere a wɔyɛɛ mfonini a edi mu yiye no. Mercator ne onipa a odi kan a ɔde atlas no dii dwuma na ɔmaa nkurɔfoɔ hunuu no sɛ asase mfonini a wɔahyehyɛ.

Asase Ho Nsɛm

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Ɔsoro ho mfonini a Frederik de Wit yɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so du nson (17) mu

Atwerɛdeɛ a wɔde yɛ asase mfonini anaa asase mfonini yɛ adesua ne sɛdeɛ wɔyɛ asase no ho mfonini wɔ baabi a ɛhɔ te (hwɛ Atwerɛdeɛ a wɔde yɛ asase mfonini abakɔsɛm), na wɔfrɛ obi a ɔyɛ asase mfonini sɛ cartographer.

Ebia akwan so nkrataa ne nkrataa a wɔtaa de di dwuma nnɛ, na ɛyɛ akwan so nkrataa afa bi, a dea ɛka ho bi ne wimhyɛn ne po so nkrataa, keteke kwan ho nkrataa, ne anammɔntuo ne sakre ho nkrataa. Sɛ yɛhwɛ ne dodoɔ a, ɛbɛtumi aba sɛ asase mfonini nkratafa a wɔayi no dodoɔ no ara firi amantam, nnwuma ahodoɔ, toɔ ho akontaabufoɔ, wɔn a wɔde mmoa ma wɔn a atoyerɛnkyɛm ato wɔn, ne nnwuma afoforo a wɔyɛ wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no. Asraafoɔ no ayɛ ɔman no mu nhwehwɛmu pii, te sɛ British Ordnance Survey: aban dwumadibea bi a wɔagye din wɔ wiase nyinaa wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛ no mu.

Sɛɛ anka wɔbɛkyerɛ baabi a wɔda no, wobɛtumi de asase mfonini nso akyerɛ baabi a wɔda no. Ɛkyerɛ baabi a wɔda no, ɔhyew a ano yɛ den, nsuo a ɛtɔ ne dea ɛkeka ho.

Kwan A Wɔfaa So

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Hereford Mappa Mundi, Hereford Asɔredan, England, bɛyɛ afe apem aha mmiɛnsa (1300), tete "T-O" asase mfonini a Yerusalem wɔ mfinimfini, apueɛ fam wɔ soro, Europa wɔ benkum fam na Afrika wɔ nifa

Ɛho nhwɛsoɔ bi ni: Maapo bi so no, dea ɛkyerɛ kwan no ne dea ɛkyerɛ kwan ankasa wɔ asase so. Asɛmfua "orient" no firi Latin kasa oriens a ɛkyerɛ apueɛ no mu. Wɔ Mfinimfini Mmere mu no, na wɔde apuei wɔ atifi hɔ yɛ asase mfonini pii, a na T ne O asase mfonini ka ho (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ "ɔsoro" a ɛwɔ asase mfonini no so no ne Apueɛ a ɛwɔ kɔmpas no so no hyia). Nea nnipa dodoɔ no ara gye tom ne sɛ atifi fam yɛ asase mfonini.

Atirimpɔw:

 
Map of Utrecht, Netherlands (1695).
  • Mpɛn pii no, wɔde ahyɛnsodeɛ a ɛda po so na ɛyɛ nkuro a ɛbɛn po so ho mfonini.
  • Wɔadi kan de akwan ne nsuo mu kwan ho mfonini akyerɛ kwan anaa nsuo so kwan a wɔreka ho asɛm no.
  • Wɔtaa de Arctic anaa Antarctic mpɔtam hɔ asase mfonini ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ po so no gyina dua no mfinimfini; na ɔkwan a ɛkɔ Atifi fam no bɛkɔ asase mfonini no mfinimfini anaasɛ ɛne no ntam kwan ware. Arctic asase mfonini ahodoɔ a wɔtaa yɛ no wɔ 0° meridian a ɛkɔ kratafa no ase; Antarctic asase mfonini ahorow no wɔ 0° meridian a ɛkɔ kratafa no atifi.
  • South-up maapo yɛ no foforo wɔ Atifi fam yɛ ɔmantam nhyiam denam anafoɔ fam a wɔbɛnya wɔ soro no so. Tete Afrikafoɔ a Tete Misraim ka ho de saa kwankyerɛ yi dii dwuma, sɛdeɛ asase mfonini ahodoɔ bi a ɛwɔ Brazil yɛ nnɛ no.[12]
  • Buckminster Fuller Dymaxion asase mfonini ahodoɔ no gyina Asase kurukuruwa a wɔde kyerɛ wɔ icosahedron so so. Wobɛtumi ahyehyɛ asinasin a ɛyɛ ahinanan a efiri mu ba no nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ anaasɛ ɔkwan biara so.
  • Wɔde equator di dwuma sɛ anoano, na wɔahyehyɛ wiase asase mfonini a ɛfa Gott, Vanderbei, ne Goldberg ho no sɛ disk abien a ɛwɔ akyi a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bɛma mfomso kakraa bi a ebetumi aba.[13] Wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetintim sɛ ade a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛwɔ afa abien a na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobetumi akura mu de akyerɛkyerɛ.

Ne kɛseɛ ne ne pɛpɛɛpɛ

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Cartogram of the EU – distorted to show population distributions as of 2008

Wɔtwe asase mfonini pii kɔ nsania a wɔada no adi sɛ nsusuii, te sɛ baako ne mpem du (1:10,000), a ɛkyerɛ sɛ susudua baako (1) a ɛwɔ asase mfonini no so no ne saa adeɛ koro no ara a ɛwɔ fam no yɛ mpem du (10,000) hyia. Scale kyerɛ no bɛtumi ayɛ nokware berɛ a ɔmantam a wɔayɛ ho mfonini no sua araa ma wobɛtumi abu ani agu Asase no kurukuruwa so, te sɛ kuro no asase mfonini. Mpɔtam akɛseɛ, baabi a wontumi mmu wɔn ani ngu anim a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa no ho mfonini a wɔbɛyɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsusuii ahodoɔ a wɔde bɛyɛ asase mfonini afi Asase no ani a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa no so akɔ wimhyɛn no so. Sɛdeɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yie sɛ wɔbɛma kurukuruwa no ayɛ petee akɔ wimhyɛn no mu a wɔankyinkyim no kyerɛ sɛ asase mfonini no ntumi nnya nsania a ɛkɔ so daa. Mmom no, wɔ nsusuii dodoɔ no ara mu no, dea ɛyɛ sene biara a wobɛtumi anya ne nsania a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ ɔkwan baako anaa mmienu so wɔ nsusuii no so. Esiane sɛ ɛsono nsania wɔ baabiara nti, wobɛtumi asusu no wɔ ntease mu sɛ nsɛntitiri nsania wɔ beaeɛ biara nkutoo. Asase mfonini dodoɔ no ara bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma nsɛntitiri nsania mu nsakraeɛ akɔ so ayɛ dea ɛyɛ teateaa. Ɛwom sɛ nsania asɛm no yɛ din de nanso ɛtaa yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛdeɛ ɛsɛ ma atirimpɔ dodoɔ no ara gye sɛ asase mfonini no kata asase no fa kɛseɛ so. Wɔ wiase asase mfonini bi mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ntease biara nni nsania sɛ akontaahyɛdeɛ baako wɔ asase mfonini no fa kɛseɛ no ara mu. Mmom no, ɛtaa kyerɛ nsania a ɛwɔ equator no ho.

 
Mean Annual Temperature map of Ohio from "Geography of Ohio" 1923
 
In a topological map, like this one showing inventory locations, the distances between locations are not important. Only the layout and connectivity between them matters.
 
The Great Polish Map of Scotland at Barony Castle, Scotland
 
Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala

Asase mfonini ahodoɔ bi a wɔfrɛ no cartograms, wɔhyɛ da kyinkyim nsania no ma ɛda nsɛm foforo a ɛnyɛ asase kɛseɛ anaa akyirikyiri adi. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔakyinkyim Europa asase mfonini yi (a ɛwɔ nifa so) de akyerɛ sɛdeɛ nnipa dodoɔ te, berɛ a wɔda so ara hu sɛdeɛ asasepɔn no te sɛ dea ɛyɛ mmerɛ no.

Nhwɛsoɔ foforo a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔakyinkyim nsania ne London Asase Asase asase mfonini a agye din no. Wɔbu asasesin nhyehyɛɛ titire no nanso wɔayɛ tube lines (ne Asubɔnten Thames) no ma ayɛ mmerɛ de ama abusuabɔ a ɛda stations ntam no mu ada hɔ. Wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn asase mfonini no mfinimfini no, wɔde gyinabea ahodoɔ no ntam kwan ware sene asase mfonini no anoano.

Ebia wɔahyɛ da ayɛ nsɛm foforo a ɛnteɛ. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, ebia wɔn a wɔyɛ asase mfonini no bɛyi nnoɔma a asraafoɔ de asi hɔ no afiri hɔ ara kwa anaasɛ wobɛyi nnoɔma bi afiri hɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a asase mfonini no mu da hɔ kɛseɛ nkutoo. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, ebia kwan ho mfonini renkyerɛ keteke akwan, nsuo akwan nketewa, anaa nneɛma foforɔ a ɛda nso a ɛnyɛ kwan so, na sɛ ɛte saa mpo a, ɛbɛtumi akyerɛ no pefee (e.g. nsensaneeɛ/ntrɛwmu a ɛyɛ nsensanee anaa nsensaneeɛ) sene akwan akɛseɛ no. Wonim adeyɛ no sɛ decluttering, na ɛma asɛmti a nea ɔde di dwuma no ani gye ho no yɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛkenkan, mpɛn pii no wɔmfa pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ nyinaa mmɔ afɔre. Mpɛn pii no, maapo ahodoɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so no ma kwan ma onipa no tumi de nnoɔma a ɛho hia no bi si hɔ, na ɔde bi si hɔ, na ɔde bi si hɔ. Wɔ AUTO mu no, wɔsesa nnoɔma a wɔde siesie no berɛ a onipa no resesa nea wɔde siesie no no.

Nsusuii a wɔde kyerɛ

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Asase ho mfonini ahodoɔ de nsusuii ahodoɔ di dwuma de kyerɛ geoid no ani ankasa a ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa ase kɔ mfonini a ɛwɔ afa mmienu. Nsusuii a wɔde kyerɛ no kyinkyim dea ɛwɔ soro berɛ nyinaa. Akwan pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kyekyɛ nsɛm a wɔakyinkyim no mu, na enti asase mfonini ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde kyerɛ. Nsusuii a wɔde kyerɛ bɛn na wɔde bɛdi dwuma no gyina asase mfonini no atirimpɔ so.[14]

Nsɛnkyerɛnnedeɛ

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Asɛm titiriw: Asase mfonini agyiraehyɛdeɛ

Wɔde nsɛnkyerɛnne anaa agyiraehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔtaa de di dwuma na egyina hɔ ma nnoɔma ahodoɔ a wɔada no adi wɔ asase mfonini so no. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wobɛtumi de ahosuo ahodoɔ akyerɛ akwan a wɔahyehyɛ. Wɔtaa kyerɛkyerɛ saa nsɛnkyerɛnne no mu wɔ asase mfonini no nkyɛnkyɛn, anaasɛ wɔ su krataa a wɔatintim no soronko so.[15]

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asase mfoniniyɛfoɔ binom pɛ sɛ wɔma asase mfonini no kata mfonini no nyinaa anaa krataa no nyinaa so, na wonnya baabi "akyi" asase mfonini no nyinaa ho nsɛm. Saa asase mfoniniyɛfoɔ yi taa de nsɛm a ɛte saa gu ɔmantam bi a anka "ɛda hɔ" "wɔ asase mfonini no mu" mu —kartouche, asase mfonini anansesɛm, asɛmti, kɔmpase rose, bar scale, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Titiri no, asase mfonini ahodoɔ bi kura "nsase so mfonini" nketewa wɔ mmeaeɛ a anka ɛnyɛ hwee —mpɛn pii no baako wɔ nsania ketewaa bi mu a ɛkyerɛ wiase nyinaa ne baabi a asase mfonini no nyinaa hyia wɔ saa asase mfonini no so, ne kakraa bi a ɛkyerɛ "afa hodoɔ a ɛyɛ anigyeɛ" wɔ kɛseɛ mu scale de kyerɛ nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri a anka ɛremfata. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a asase mfonini nketewa de nsania koro no ara di dwuma sɛdeɛ asase mfonini kɛseɛ no de di dwuma —United States a ɛtoatoa so no asase mfonini kakraa bi de asase mfonini ketewaa bi a ɛkɔ nsania koro no ara mu ma aman mmienu a ɛnyɛ nea ɛtoatoa so no mu biara ka ho.

Nhyehyɛeɛ

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Asɛm titiriw: Asase mfonini a wɔayɛ

Asase mfonini a wɔyɛ ne ne yɛ yɛ nsaanodwuma a wɔayɛ no mfeɛ mpempem pii, efiri dɔteɛ aboɔpono so kɔsi Geographic information systems so. Sɛdeɛ mfoniyɛ yɛ mfoniyɛ mu adwuma no, titiri a ɛne Mfoniniyɛ nhyehyɛe wɔ abusuabɔ kɛseɛ no, asase mfoniniyɛ de nyansahunu mu nimdeɛ a ɛfa sɛdeɛ wɔde asase mfonini di dwuma ho ka ho, a wɔde afrafra nnyinasosɛm ahodoɔ a ɛfa adwinni ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu ho, de ayɛ ade a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ afɛfɛdeɛ mu, ɛkura tumidie kyerɛ sɛ, ɛnyɛ ade a wɔde siesie no nyinaa ne sɛ wɔde emu biara bɛyɛ adwuma mmaako mmaako, na mmom ɛyɛ biribi a wɔsakra mu de yɛ ho adwuma de siesie ne nyinaa sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔn nsa bɛka dea wɔpɛ.

Asase mfonini a wɔbɛyɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde nnoɔma ahodoɔ bi bom na wosisi gyinaeɛ pii. Nnoɔma a ɛwɔ adwini mu no hyɛ nsɛmti a ɛtrɛ pii mu, a emu biara wɔ n’ankasa nsusuii, n’ankasa nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛeɛ, ne n’ankasa nneyɛeɛ pa. Ɛno akyi no, nsunsuansoɔ a ɛyɛ adwuma bom wɔ saa nnoɔma yi ntam, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nhyehyɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ no nyinaa nyɛ adwuma wɔ adeɛ biara so mmaako mmaako kɛkɛ, na mmom ɛyɛ mmuaeɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔsane yɛ a wɔde sesa emu biara na ama wɔanya gestalt a wɔpɛ.

  • Asase mfonini a wɔde kyerɛ: Asase mfonini no fapem ne wimhyɛn a ɛda so (sɛ́ ɛyɛ krataa anaa screen), nanso ɛho hia sɛ wɔde kyerɛ na ama asase ani ayɛ petee. Nneɛma a wɔde kyerɛ nyinaa kyinkyim saa ɔfasu yi, nanso asase mfoniniyɛfo no betumi ayɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyinkyim ne baabi a wɔkyinkyim no ho.[16]
  • Nsɛm a wɔka no nyinaa: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtwe asase mfonini nyinaa wɔ ɔkwan ketewaa bi so sen nea ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa, na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ nsɛm a wɔde ka asase mfonini bi ho no yɛ beae bi ho nsɛm a ɛdɔɔso ho nhwɛso ketewaa bi pɛ. Generalization yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so sesa nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ asase ho nsɛm mu ma ɛfata ma asase mfonini kɛseɛ ne ne botaeɛ, denam akwan te sɛ paw, ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ne nkyekyɛmu so.
  • Nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ: Asase mfonini biara de aniwa gyina hɔ ma beaeɛ ne ne su a ɛwɔ asasesin mu nneɛma a ɛkɔ so denam asase mfonini agyiraeɛhyɛdeɛ, mfonini a wɔde mfonini a ɛyɛ aniwa so nsakraeɛ ahodoɔ pii te sɛ ne kɛseɛ, ne nsɛsoɔ, ahosuo, ne nsusuiɛ.
  • Nneɛma a wɔahyehyɛ: Bere a wɔde sɛnkyerɛnnedeɛ ahodoɔ no nyinaa bom no, wɔn nkitahodie no nya nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ asase mfonini akenkan so, te sɛ kuo ne Anisoadehu mu ahokeka.
  • Nwoma a Wɔtwerɛ Anaa Dea Wɔde Hyehyɛ: Ntwerɛeɛ di atirimpɔ ahodoɔ bi ho dwuma wɔ asase mfonini no so, titiri ɛboa ma wohunu nnoɔma a ɛwɔ hɔ, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nkrataa na wɔde si hɔ yie na ama atu mpɔn.[17]
  • Nhyehyɛeɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde asase mfonini no si kratafa no so (sɛ ɛyɛ krataa, wɛb, anaa nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ afoforo), ne nneɛma a ɛfa ho, te sɛ asɛmti, anansesɛm, asase mfonini afoforo, nsɛm, mfonini, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Saa nneɛma yi mu biara wɔ n’ankasa nhyehyɛe ho nsusuwii, te sɛ nea wɔde ka bom, a ne fa kɛseɛ no ara di nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛfa Graphic design akyi no te.
  • Map type-specific design: Asase mfonini ahodoɔ, titire maapo a ɛfa asɛmtiri ho, wɔ wɔn ankasa adwini ahiadeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ pa.

Su Ahodoɔ

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Hwɛ nso: Ɔfa:Maapo ahodoɔ

 
Bathymetry a ɛwɔ po ase a ɛkyerɛ asasepɔn no so mmeaeɛ ne po so asaseta (kɔkɔɔ), po mfinimfini mmepɔ (kɔla kɔkɔɔ-ahabammono) ne asasetaw a ɛwɔ bun mu (blue kɔsi kɔkɔɔ) .
 
Geological map of the Moon

Mpɛn pii no, wiase anaa nsase akɛseɛ ho mfonini yɛ dea "ɛwɔ honam mu" anaa dea "ɛwɔ amammuiɛ mu". Atirimpɔ titire a ɛwɔ amammuiɛ ho mfonini mu ne sɛ ɛbɛkyerɛ nsase ahyeɛ; nea ɛwɔ honam fam no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛkyerɛ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ mmepɔ, asase, anaa asase so nneɛma te sɛ akwan, keteke kwan, ne adan. Maapo ahodoɔ a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ asase so no kyerɛ sorɔnsorɔmmea ne asase so nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro no. Ɛnyɛ asase a ɛda asase so no nkutoo na asase mfonini no da no adi, na mmom ɛkyerɛ sɛnea abotan a ɛwɔ ase no teɛ, sɛdeɛ mmeamudua no teɛ, ne sɛdeɛ asase ase nnoɔma teɛ.

Ɛlɛktrɔnik mfidie a wɔde yɛ adwuma

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Nsɛm foforo: Wɛb krataafa, PDF § Nsɛm a ɛwɔ mu akuw a wobetumi apaw (layers), MapQuest, Google Maps, Google Earth, OpenStreetMap, ne Yahoo! Asase mfonini ahodoɔ

 
A USGS digital raster graphic.
 
Relief map of the Sierra Nevada

Efiri afeha a ɛto so aduonu (20) no mu fa a etwa toɔ mu no, ade titiri a adansifoɔ a wɔyɛ asase mfonini no de ayɛ adwuma ne kɔmputa. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) de asase mfonini mu nnoɔma pii, titiri dea wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu de boaboa nsɛm ano no, ahyɛ ne mu. Mfonini ahodoɔ a wɔde di dwuma no anya nkɔanim kɛseɛ esiane sɛ mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ baabi no bɛhyɛ asase mfonini a ɛwɔ hɔ no so nti. Sɛ wonya beaeɛ bi ho nsɛm te sɛ osu a ɛtɔ, wuram mmoa, anaa nnipa dodow ho nsɛm wɔ asase mfonini no mu a, ɛma wotumi yɛ nhwehwɛmu yie na wotumi sisi gyinaeɛ pa. Wɔ berɛ a na kɔmputa nni hɔ no, nsɛm a na wɔaka abom no maa Dr. John Snow na na ɔrehwehwɛ baabi a ɔyaredɔm bi a wɔfrɛ no cholera asi. Ɛnnɛ, nnipa ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ, te sɛ wɔn a wɔbɔ mmoa ho ban ne asraafoɔ a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma.

Sɛ GIS nka ho mpo a, mfoniniyɛfoɔ dodoɔ no ara de kɔmputa dwumadi ahodoɔ a wɔde yɛ mfonini di dwuma de yɛ asase mfonini foforo.

Wɔwɔ kɔmputa so nkrataa a wotumi de yɛ adwuma, na ɛma wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no tumi twe kɔ akyiri anaa kɔ anim (a dea ɛkyerɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛtrɛ anaa wɔbɛte kɛseɛ no), ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nkrataa foforo a ɛsono kɛseɛ no si ananmu, na sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yie a, wɔde asi beaeɛ koro no ara so. Satelite a wɔde di dwuma wɔ kar mu no yɛ asase mfonini a wɔde kɔmputa di dwuma a akwan a obi bɛfa so no ho nhyehyɛe ne afotu wɔ hɔ, na ɛboa no ma ɔhwɛ baabi a ɔrekɔ. Wɔ kɔmputa ho nyansahunufoɔ ani so no, sɛ obi de ne ani si biribi so kɛseɛ a, nea edidi soɔ yi mu baako anaa dea ɛboro saa ka ho:

  1. map no a wɔde nea emu da hɔ no besi ananmu
  2. yɛ maapo koro no ara mu kɛse a pixel ahodoɔ no nyɛ kɛseɛ, enti yɛkyerɛ nsɛm pii denam nsɛm kakraa bi a yɛayi afiri mu no so sene nea wɔayi afiri mu no
  3. Sɛ wohwɛ maapo no so a, pixel a ɛwɔ ho no yɛ kɛse sene pixel a ɛwɔ so no. Sɛ wohwɛ kɔmputa so a, pixel a ɛwɔ ho no yɛ kɛseɛ sen pixel a ɛwɔ so no. Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ eyi mu baako a wɔhyɛ mu.

Abɔdeɛ A Nkwa Wɔ Mu Ho Adesua

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Ɛfiri Wikipedia, nimdeebuuku a wontua hwee

 
Bufo boreas
 
Blue Linckia Starfish
 
Hawk eating prey

Wopɛ nsɛmfua foforo a, hwɛ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_(disambiguation). Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde ethology ho adesua, mmusuakuo ho adesua, nea ɛde ba, anaa abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔ mu ho adesua a emu dɔ toto ho.

Abɔdeɛ A Nkwa Wɔ Mu Ho Adesua (efiri Tete Hela kasa mu οἶκος (oîkos) ‘fie’, ne -λογία (-logía) ‘adesua a ɛfa’)

 
European honey bee extracts nectar
 
DNA simple

[18] yɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, a nnipa ka ho, ne wɔn honam fam nnoɔma a atwa wɔn ho ahyia ntam ho adesua. Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua susu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho wɔ ankorankoro, nnipa dodoɔ, mpɔtam, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom gyinabea. Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua ne nyansahunu a ɛne no bɔ abira kɛseɛ a ɛne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua, adannani abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua, awosu, abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua, ne abɔde mu abakɔsɛm no hyia. Abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua yɛ abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua baa dwumadibea, na ɛne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nimdeɛ nyɛ ade koro.

Nea ɛka nneɛma afoforo ho no, abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua ne adesua a ɛfa:

Nkwammoaa dodoɔ, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, ne sɛdeɛ wɔkyekyɛ wɔ nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu

  • Asetena mu nnoɔma, nkitahodie, ne nsakraeɛ
  • Nnoɔma ne ahoɔden a wɔde fa mpɔtam a wɔte ase so
  • Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a ɛkɔ so nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ
  • Nkɔmmɔbɔ, akansi, ne mmoa a wɔkyere mmoa we wɔ mmoa ahorow mu ne wɔn ntam
  • Nhwɛsoɔ ahodoɔ a ɛfa abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom nhyehyɛe so

Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho nimdeɛ wɔ dwumadie a mfasoɔ wɔ so wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔkora so, nsuo a ɛhwɛ so, abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a wɔhwɛ so (agroɛkologyi, kuayɛ, kwaeɛ, agroforestri, mpataayie, fagudeɛ, nsrahwɛ), nkuropɔn nhyehyɛeɛ (nkuropɔn mu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom), mpɔtam akwahosan, sikasɛm, mfitiaseɛ ne nyansahunu a wɔde di dwuma, ne nnipa asetena mu nkitahodie (nnipa abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua).

Germanni nyansahunufoɔ Ernst Haeckel na ɔde asɛmfua ecology (German kasa: Ökologie) bae wɔ 1866 mu. Nyansahunu a ɛfa abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho sɛdeɛ yɛnim no nnɛ no firii aseɛ wɔ Amerikafoɔ afifideɛ ho animdefoɔ kuo bi so wɔ afe apem aha nwɔtwe ne aduokron (1890) afe no mu.[19] Adannandie mu nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa nsakrae ne abɔde mu nneɛma a wɔpaw ho no yɛ nnɛyi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nkyerɛkyerɛ tweatiboɔ.

Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛyɛ nnam a ɛne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, mpɔtam a wɔbom yɛ, ne nnoɔma a ɛnyɛ nkwa (abiotic) a ɛwɔ wɔn nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no mu. Nneɛma a ɛkɔ so wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu, te sɛ nneɛma a wɔyɛ titiri, nnuanenuru a ɛkyinkyini, ne niche adansi, na ɛhwɛ sɛnea ahoɔden ne nneɛma fa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu no so. Abɔde a nkwa wom nhyehyɛe ahorow wɔ biophysical feedback akwan hodoɔ a ɛma nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so yɛ adwuma wɔ okyinnsoromma yi mu nneɛma a nkwa wom (biotic) ne abiotic so no yɛ mmerɛ.

Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nhyehyɛeɛ ma nnwuma a ɛboa nkwa kɔ so na ɛma abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho nnwuma te sɛ biomass a wɔyɛ (aduane, pɛtro, nwama, ne nnuru), wim tebea ho nhyehyɛe, wiase nyinaa biogeochemical kyinhyia, nsuo a wɔtwetwe, asase a wɔhyehyɛ, nsuo a ɛtɔ gu fam, nsuyiri ho banbɔ, ne abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma afoforo pii a ɛsom bo wɔ nyansahunu, abakɔsɛm, sikasɛm, anaa ankasa mu.

Nhyehyɛeɛ no afa ahodoɔ, baabi a wɔde yɛ adwuma, ne ne kɛseɛ

sesa

Asɛm titire: Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔ mu ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu

Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho nimdeɛ wɔ hɔ a, emu nnoɔma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛbom yɛ adwuma, a efiri nnoɔma nketenkete (te sɛ nkwammoa) so kɔsi nnoɔma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ okyinnsoromma so (te sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom). Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ahodoɔ a wɔbom di dwuma (te sɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔbom yɛ nnipa a wɔbom yɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ahodoɛ). Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ne nnoɔma a atwa wɔn ho ahyia yɛ adeɛ a ɛtumi sesa, na ɛnyɛ berɛ nyinaa na edi wɔn akyi, na mmom berɛ nyinaa na ɛresesa, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm, na ɛtɔ mmere bi nso a etumi yɛ mmerɛ araa ma ɛbɛtumi agye mfeɛ mpempem pii ansa na abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom no akɔ so ayɛ kwaeɛ bi. Nnoɔma a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase so no bɛtumi asesa koraa, efiri dea ɛyɛ ketewa so kɔsi nea ɛyɛ kɛseɛ so. Dua baako pɛ ho nhia pii wɔ kwae mu nneɛma mu, nanso ɛho hia yiye ma abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔte mu no.[20] Nkorabata bi wɔ hɔ a, sɛ ɛtoa so yɛ nnuaba baako a, ɛtumi nya awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ pii. Saa mmoawa no mu biara boa mmoawa ahodoɔ bi. Wontumi mfa abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu nkitahodi ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ biara mu no nkyerɛ mu, efirisɛ wonhunu sɛdeɛ abɔdeɛ biara mu nnoɔma bɛyɛ kɔsi sɛ wobɛsua abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom no nyinaa ho nsɛm. Nanso, abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma bi wɔ hɔ a, ne nyinaa ka bom yɛ adeɛ, te sɛ awo dodoɔ a ɛwɔ nnipa kuo bi mu ne awo dodow a ɛwɔ nnipa kuw no mu wɔ bere bi mu.[21] Abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua mu nneɛma atitiriw, nnipa (anaa mpɔtam) abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua, da nsonsonoeɛ adi wɔ ne kɛseɛ mu, na mmom wɔ nnoɔma mmienu a ɛne no bɔ abira no mu nso. Dea edi kan no de n'adwene si abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nkyekyɛ ne wɔn dodoɔ so, na nea ɛto so mmienu no de n'adwene si nneɛma ne ahoɔden a ɛretu no so.[22]

Nhyehyɛeɛ

sesa

Hwɛ nso: Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nhyehyɛeɛ ne Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nkyekyɛmu

Nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ bɛtumi ayɛ adwuma te sɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔato mu, te sɛ aphids a wotu kɔ dua baako so, berɛ a berɛ koro no ara mu no, ɛkɔ so bue wɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a ɛtrɛ te sɛ wim tebea anaa wim tebea ho. Enti, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho animdefoɔ kyekyɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ denam nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano afiri kuo a ɛyɛ fɛ mu, te sɛ afifideɛ fekuo, wim tebea, ne asase ahodoɔ mu a wɔhwehwɛ mu so, na wɔde saa nsɛm yi bom de hunu nhyehyɛeɛ ne akwan hodoɔ a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛrepue a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ kɔsi ɔmantam, asase, ne mmere nhyehyɛeɛ so nsania a wɔde yɛ nnoɔma.

Sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahyehyɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua no ayɛ no nhyehyɛeɛ a wotumi di ho dwuma wɔ adwene mu no, wɔahyehyɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom wiase no ayɛ no nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔayɛ no bereboɔ, a efiri awosu mu nkwaadɔm so, kɔsi nkwammoaa so, kɔsi ntini ahodoɔ so, kɔsi akwaa ahodoɔ so, kɔsi abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom so, kɔsi mmoa ahodoɔ so, kɔsi nnipa dodoɔ so, kɔsi mpɔtam hɔfoɔ so, kɔsi abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, kɔsi biomes, ne kɔsi sɛdeɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom no te. Saa nhyehyeɛ yi yɛ panarchy na ɛda nneyɛeɛ a ɛnyɛ linear adi; eyi kyerɛ sɛ "nsunsuanso ne nea ɛde ba no nsɛ, enti nsakrae nketenkete a ɛba nneɛma a ɛho hia a ɛsakra mu, te sɛ nitrogen fixers dodow no betumi ama nsakraeɛ a ɛnsɛ, ebia wontumi nsakra, aba nhyehyɛe no su ahorow mu."[10]:

Baabi A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ

sesa
  1. ↑ D. L. Johnson, S. H. Ambrose, T. J. Bassett, M. L. Bowen, D. E. Crummey, J. S. Isaacson, D. N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, A. E. Winter-Nelson (1997-05), "Meanings of Environmental Terms", Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 581–589, doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x, ISSN 0047-2425, retrieved 2023-07-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Donald Symons (1979), The evolution of human sexuality, New York Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-19-502535-4 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ↑ "NETWATCH: Botany's Wayback Machine", Science, vol. 316, no. 5831, pp. 1547–1547, 2007-06-15, doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d, ISSN 0036-8075, retrieved 2023-07-19
  4. ↑ Р.И. ПРОТОПОПОВ, Е.Д. АКИМОВА (2021-12-30), "Geology of Kolyma discovered by Sergey Obruchev", Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Series "Earth Sciences", no. 4(24), pp. 12–22, doi:10.25587/svfu.2021.24.4.011, ISSN 2587-8751, retrieved 2023-07-19
  5. ↑ Stuart H. Young (2012-12), "Readings of the Platform Sūtra. Edited by MortenSchlütter and Stephen F.Teiser. Columbia Readings of Buddhist Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Pp. ix + 220. Cloth, $82.50; paper, $27.50.", Religious Studies Review, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 261–261, doi:10.1111/j.1748-0922.2012.01661_5.x, ISSN 0319-485X, retrieved 2023-07-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Screenshot of Itunes Library - Archived Platform Itunes 2010, retrieved 2023-07-19
  7. ↑ Screenshot of Itunes Library - Archived Platform Itunes 2010, retrieved 2023-07-21
  8. ↑ "WHAT DO YOU EXPECT, HEART?", What do you expect, heart?, The Chinese University Press, pp. 3–27, 2013-11-14, retrieved 2023-07-21
  9. ↑ Figure 7 from: Howell N, Krings A, Braham R (2016) Guide to the littoral zone vascular flora of Carolina bay lakes (U.S.A.). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7964. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7964, retrieved 2023-07-21 {{citation}}: External link in |title= (help)
  10. ↑ C. Kongoli, S-A. Boukabara, F. Weng (2008-03), The retrievals of effective grain size and snow water equivalent from variationally-retrieved microwave surface emissivities, IEEE, doi:10.1109/micrad.2008.4579511, retrieved 2023-07-21 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Andrew Goudie (2000), The human impact on the natural environment (5. ed ed.), Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-57138-8 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  12. ↑ Supplemental Information 2: Number of original research articles retrieved in the Web of Science search engine, from 2015 to 2019., retrieved 2023-07-26
  13. ↑ "The most accurate measurement ever made", Physics Today, 2007, doi:10.1063/pt.5.021676, ISSN 1945-0699, retrieved 2023-07-26
  14. ↑ Tau Rho Alpha, Joe F. Vigil, Lauren Buchholz (1988), "A guide to commonly used map projections prepared for use in HyperCard", Open-File Report, doi:10.3133/ofr88364a, ISSN 2331-1258, retrieved 2023-07-26{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Screenshot of Itunes Library - Archived Platform Itunes 2010, retrieved 2023-07-26
  16. ↑ "Projections for topographic and named-quadrangle maps; projections used in geodesy", Map Projections, CRC Press, pp. 175–190, 2013-12-19, retrieved 2023-07-26
  17. ↑ Jill Saligoe-Simmel, Tamrat Belayneh (2023-05-15), Geospatial Use Cases Enabling Interoperability of Digital Twins, retrieved 2023-07-26
  18. ↑ Billy Ootim (2001-02), "Social support", Nursing Management, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 22–24, doi:10.7748/nm.7.9.22.s7, ISSN 1354-5760, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ↑ Malcolm Nicolson (1993-03), "L. A. Real and J. H. Brown (eds.), Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press (with the Ecological Society of America), 1991. Pp. xiv + 905.", The British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 129–130, doi:10.1017/s0007087400030673, ISSN 0007-0874, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ↑ Reed F. Noss, Allen Y. Cooperrider (1994), Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press, ISBN 978-1-55963-248-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ↑ Eugene Pleasants Odum, Gary W. Barrett (2005), Fundamentals of ecology (5. ed ed.), Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, ISBN 978-0-534-42066-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  22. ↑ Steward T. A. Pickett, Jurek Kolasa, Clive G. Jones (1998), Ecological understanding: the nature of theory and the theory of nature (2. [print.] ed.), San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-554720-8 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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