Abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia

Abɔdeɛ, ɛmu nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia anaa abɔdeɛ mu wiase no ka nnoɔma a nkwa wom ne nnoɔma a ɛnyɛ nkwa a ɛba wɔ abɔdeɔ mu nyinaa ho, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔ wei mu no ɛnyɛ nea wɔde nsa ayɛ . Wɔtaa de asɛmfua no di dwuma wɔ Asaase anaa Asaase afa ahodoɔ bi ho. Saa nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi ka nkitahodie a ɛda abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nyinaa ntam, wiem tebea, wiem tebea ne abɔdeɛ mu nnoma a ɛka nnipa nkwa ne sikasɛm mu dwumadie ho. Yebetumi akyerɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adwene no mu sɛ nnoɔma a ɛka bom:

• Abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom akuo a edi mu a ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ abɔdeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ a nnipa anibue mfa wɔn ho nnye mu kɛse, a afifideɛ, mmoawa nketenkete, asaase, abotan, wiem tebea, ne abɔde mu nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ wɔn ahye ne wɔn su mu nyinaa ka ho.
• Amansan abɔde mu nneɛma ne honam fam nneɛma a enni ahye a emu da hɔ, te sɛ mframa, nsu, ne wim tebea, ne ahoɔden, mframa a ɛbɔ, anyinam ahoɔden, ne magnetism, a ɛnyɛ nea efi nnipa nneyɛe a anibuei wom mu.

Sahara sare so mfonini a efi satellite so. Ɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛyɛ hyew sen biara wɔ wiase ne anhweatam a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛso sen biara wɔ po so anhweatam akyi .

Asase a wɔhwɛ so no akora Hopetoun Falls, Australia, abɔde mu su so bere a ɛma nsrahwɛfo tumi kɔ hɔ pii no.

Nea ɛne abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia bɔ abira ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔasisi. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔasisi kyerɛ baabi a nnipa asakra nsase te sɛ nkurow akɛse mu tebea ne kuayɛ asase a wɔsakra no titiriw, wɔsakra abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no kɛse ma ɛbɛyɛ nnipa tebea a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw. Nneyɛe a ɛte sɛ nea ɛnyɛ nea ɛtra so kɛse mpo, te sɛ atɛkyɛ apata anaa photovoltaic nhyehyɛe a wosisi wɔ sare so no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔasesa no bɛyɛ nea wɔde nsa ayɛ. Ɛwom sɛ mmoa pii sisi nneɛma na ama wɔanya tebea pa de, nanso wɔnyɛ nnipa, enti wosusuw sɛ beaver atare, ne nwansena a wosisi nkoko no adwuma yɛ abɔde mu nneɛma.

Susutwerɛ

Main article: Asase ho nyansahu

Ogya bepɔw mu mpaapaemu ne ogya bepɔw kwan

Mpɛn pii no, asase ho nyansahu gye kurukuruwa anan tom, abo a ɛwɔ abotan mu no, nsuo, wim, ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom sɛ nea ɛne abotan, nsu, mframa, ne nkwa hyia. Nyansahufo binom de cryosphere (a ɛne nsukyenee hyia) ka ho sɛ Asase kurukuruwa no fa sɛ hydrosphere no fa soronko, ne pedosphere (a ɛkɔ asase so) nso sɛ kurukuruwa a ɛyɛ nnam na ɛfrafra.

Asase so nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso: (1) emu ntini; (2) akyi ntini; (3) mantil a ɛwɔ fam; (4) mantil a ɛwɔ soro; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust

Asase ho nyansahu yɛ asɛmfua a ɛfa biribiara ho ma nyansahu a ɛsan fa okyinnsoromma Asase ho. Ɛfa Asase a ɛyɛ den, ne nsu, ne mframa a ɛkata so no ho.

Wim tebea ne Wim tebea nsakrae

Wim mframa bɔ hann bruu pete sen asorɔkye tenten afoforo, na sɛ wohu fi ahunmu a, ɛma hann bruu ba.

Asase so troposphere a wofi wimhyɛn mu hwɛ

Aprannaa yɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛba wim a aprannaa ka ho, na ɛba bere a aprannaa retu ne abɔde mu tebea afoforo bi

Asase so wim tebea yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma okyinnsoromma so abɔde a nkwa wom no kɔ so tra hɔ. Mframa a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛkata Asase so no, okyinnsoromma yi tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam no na ɛkura mu. Mframa a ɛyɛ nwunu yɛ nitrogen ɔha biara mu nkyem 78, oxygen ɔha biara mu nkyem 21, argon ne mframa afoforo a ɛnyɛ adwuma ɔha biara mu nkyem 1, ne carbon dioxide. Wɔtaa frɛ mframa a aka no sɛ mframa nketenkete. Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew te sɛ carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ne ozone ka wim. Mframa a wɔayiyi mu no bi ne nnuru afoforo pii kakraa bi. Mframa nso kura nsu a ɛyɛ hyew dodow a ɛsakra ne nsu nketenkete ne nsukyenee a ɛsensɛn hɔ a wohu sɛ mununkum. Ebia abɔde mu nneɛma pii wɔ mframa a wɔansɔne mu mu kakraa bi, a mfutuma, nsu mu nsu a ɛyɛ fi ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae, po mu nsu a wɔde petepete, ogya bepɔw mu nsõ, ne meteoroids ka ho. Mfiridwuma mu efi ahorow nso betumi aba, te sɛ chlorine (mfitiase anaa nea ɛwɔ nnuru mu), fluorine nnuru, elemental mercury, ne sulfur nnuru te sɛ sulphur dioxide (SO2).

Ozone a ɛwɔ Asase so wim no di dwuma titiriw wɔ ultraviolet (UV) mframa dodow a ɛkɔ asase ani no so mu. Esiane sɛ UV hann sɛe DNA ntɛm ara nti, eyi bɔ nkwa a ɛwɔ soro no ho ban. Wim tebea no nso kura ɔhyew mu anadwo, na ɛnam so ma ɔhyew a ɛtra so da biara da no so tew.

Wim tebea no mu ntoatoaso

Nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

Wobetumi akyekyɛ asase so wim tebea mu ayɛ no nsensanee atitiriw anum. Wɔnam sɛ ebia ɔhyew kɔ soro anaasɛ ɛso tew bere a ɛkɔ soro no so titiriw na ɛkyerɛ saa ntoatoaso yi. Efi nea ɛkorɔn so kosi nea ɛba fam so no, saa ntoatoaso yi ne:

• Exosphere: Asase wim tebea a ɛwɔ akyi paa no trɛw fi exobase no so kɔ soro, na hydrogen ne helium titiriw na ɛwom.
• Ɔhyew a ɛwɔ ɔhyew mu (Thermosphere): Ɔhyew no atifi yɛ exosphere no ase, a wɔfrɛ no exobase.Ne sorokɔ gu ahorow wɔ owia dwumadi mu na efi bɛyɛ kilomita 350–800 (akwansin 220–500; anammɔn 1,150,000–2,620,000). Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ Asase so wim tebea a ɛto so abien a ɛkorɔn sen biara no trɛw fi bɛyɛ anammɔn 260,000 wɔ mesopause (a ɛtetew no fi mesosphere ho) kosi thermopause, a ɛwɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn a efi anammɔn 1,600,000 kosi 3,300,000.
• Mesosphere: Mesosphere no trɛw fi stratopause kosi kilomita 80–85 (akwansin 50–53; anammɔn 262,000–279,000). Ɛyɛ ɔfa a meteor dodow no ara hyew bere a wɔhyɛn wim no.
• Stratosphere: Stratosphere no trɛw fi tropopause no so kodu bɛyɛ kilomita 51 (akwansin 32; anammɔn 167,000). Stratopause a ɛyɛ stratosphere ne mesosphere ntam hye no taa yɛ kilomita 50 kosi 55 (akwansin 31 kosi 34; anammɔn 164,000 kosi 180,000).
• Troposphere: Troposphere no fi ase wɔ soro na ɛtrɛw kɔ kilomita 7 (anammɔn 23,000) wɔ nnua(poles) no so ne kilomita 17 (anammɔn 56,000) wɔ equator, na nsakrae bi fi wim tebea nti. Troposphere no mu yɛ hyew kɛse denam ahoɔden a efi soro no so, enti sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, troposphere no fa a ɛba fam koraa no yɛ hyew sen biara na ɔhyew so tew bere a ɛkɔ soro no. Tropopause yɛ ɔhye a ɛda troposphere ne stratosphere ntam.

Mmeamu afoforo

Wɔ ntoatoaso atitiriw anum a wɔde ɔhyew kyerɛ no mu no, ntoatoaso pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde su afoforo kyerɛ.

• Ozone a ɛwɔ soro no wɔ stratosphere no mu. Ɛwɔ stratosphere no fa a ɛwɔ fam titiriw fi bɛyɛ kilomita 15–35 (akwansin 9.3–21.7; anammɔn 49,000–115,000), ɛwom sɛ ɛsono ne kɛse wɔ mmere ne asasesin mu de. Ozone a ɛwɔ yɛn wim no bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 90 na ɛwɔ stratosphere no mu.
• Ionosphere, wim fa a owia hann ma ɛyɛ ion no, trɛw fi kilomita 50 kosi 1,000 (akwansin 31 kosi 621; anammɔn 160,000 kosi 3,280,000) na mpɛn pii no ɛkata exosphere ne thermosphere no nyinaa so. Ɛno na ɛyɛ magnetosphere no mu ano.
• Homosphere ne heterosphere: Homosphere no bi ne troposphere, stratosphere, ne mesosphere. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ hydrogen, ade a emu yɛ hare sen biara no na ɛyɛ heterosphere no fa a ɛwɔ soro no nyinaa.
• Okyinnsoromma ahorow no hye no yɛ troposphere no fa a ɛbɛn Asase ani sen biara na ɛka no tẽẽ, titiriw denam basabasayɛ a ɛtrɛw so.

Nkɛntɛnso a wiase nyinaa hyew de ba

Nsukyenee a ɛsan kɔ akyi fi 1850 wɔ Aletsch Nsukyenee a ɛwɔ Switzerland Alps (tebea a ɛwɔ 1979, 1991 ne 2002), esiane wiase nyinaa hyew nti

Nyansahufo kuw kɛse bi resua asiane ahorow a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa hyew mu ho nhwehwɛmu kɛse. Nyansahufo yi rehaw kɛse wɔ nkɛntɛnso a wiase nyinaa hyew betumi anya wɔ yɛn abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne okyinnsoromma yi so bere tenten no ho. Nea ɛhaw adwene titiriw ne sɛnea wim nsakrae ne wiase nyinaa hyew a ɛnam mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa, anaasɛ nnipa de ba, titiriw carbon dioxide, betumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ nkitahodi mu, na anya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ okyinnsoromma yi, n’abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne nnipa asetra so. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ okyinnsoromma yi reyɛ hyew, na ɛreyɛ hyew ntɛmntɛm. Eyi fi wim tebea a ɛma wim yɛ hyew, a efi mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛkyere ɔhyew wɔ Asase wim tebea mu esiane wɔn molecule nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den kɛse a ɛma wotumi wosow na ɛno nso kyere ɔhyew na ɛsan gyae kɔ Asase so nti. Saa ɔhyew yi nso na ɛma abɔde mu atrae sɛe, na ɛno nso ma wuram mmoa dodow so tew.

Nnansa yi ara a Amanneɛbɔ a efi Aban Ntam Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Wim Tebea Nsakrae So (wim tebea ho nyansahufo atitiriw kuw) de baa awiei sɛ asase no bɛyɛ hyew wɔ baabiara a efi digrii Fahrenheit 2.7 kosi 11 (digrii Celsius 1.5 kosi 6) wɔ 1990 ne 2100 ntam. Wɔabɔ mmɔden kɛse sɛ wɔbɛbrɛ mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛde wim nsakrae reba no ase, wɔ akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so ayɛ nsakrae wɔ wiase nyinaa hyew mu, de aboa nnipa, mmoa afoforo, ne afifide ahorow, abɔde a nkwa wom, mpɔtam ne aman ma wɔayɛ nsakrae wɔ wiase nyinaa ɔhyew a ɛde ba no ho.

Nhwɛso ahorow bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔayɛ biako nnansa yi de adi wim nsakrae ne wiase nyinaa hyew ho dwuma ne:

Aletsch Nsukyenee a ɛwɔ Switzerland Alps mmepɔw so a esiane wiase nyinaa hyew nti so atew no ho adwene foforo

• Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛe Apam Apam ne Wim Tebea Nsakrae ho apam, a ɛbɛma mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛwɔ wim no ayɛ den wɔ ɔkwan bi so a ɛbɛma wɔasiw nnipa a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ wim tebea nhyehyɛe a asiane wom ano.