Akorafoɔ
Akorafoɔ ne sɛ nnipa mmienu anaa ekuo bi de wɔn ho gye nkitahodie a ɛkyɛ mu. Kora yɛ honhom a ɛda nnipa mmienu a ɔrepere biribi ntam. Saa nkitahodie no wɔfrɛ no koratwe, na nnipa no mu bia anaa ɔbaakofoɔ yɛ kora ma wɔn ho. Ɛtɔ da akorafoɔ no a ɔdi mu tintima no wɔfrɛ no"archrival". Koratwe bɛtumi akyerɛ sɛ "adwene a kwan so a sinitwafoɔ no bisa akansie a ɛyɛ hu". [1]Ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ akansie ma akorafoɔ no mmienu sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a baako nni baako so.[2]Amanyɔni bi a wɔfrɛ no John A. Vasquez kyerɛ mu sɛ sɛ akorafoɔ no tumi yɛ pɛ a ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛhohia paa ma koratwe no,nanso ebinom mfa no saa.[3]Koratwe fa kwan pii so wɔ mpɔtam mu na "na ɛwɔ nnipa nkitahodie nyinaa mu",[4] a ɛba wɔ nnamfoɔ, sini, bɔɔlo bɔ kuo, sukuu ne suapɔn ntam. Bio, "abusua,amanyɔfoɔ, amanyɔkuo, abusuakuo, ne mantam a ɛwɔ ɔman mu ne nkuro nso de wɔn ho gye koratwe no mu".[4]Sɛ koratwe no yɛ akansie ne amammerɛ wɔ ekuo ahodoɔ mmienu ntam a ɛma no tu mpɔn. Ebi wɔ hɔ a koratwe bɛyɛ "adeɛ a aha adwene a sinitwafoɔ dwene ho sɛ nea wɔreyɛ no bɛha wɔn anaa ɛde mfasoɔ bɛbrɛ akorafoɔ no".[4]
Baabi a ɛfiri ne ne nkyereaseɛ
sesaKoratwe kyerɛ sɛ akansie a ɛkɔ so wɔ nnipa anaa ekuo ntam, a obiara pere sɛ ɔbɛsi nkunim agya ne yɔnko.[5]Mpem pii no sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ (rivaled ne rivaling sɛ ɛwɔ America borɔfo mu a, na rivalled ne rivaling wɔ British borɔfo mu) a ɛbɛtumi akyerɛ nkitahodie a ɛyɛ pɛ, wɔ "akorafoɔ a wɔyɛ pɛ", "obi a ɔnni kora", anaa "unrivaled performance". [5]Koratwe firi Middle French ne Latin rivalis na French rivus, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi a ɔnom firi anaa ɔno nnipa baako nom firii asubɔnten baako mu.[6]Edin no wuraa borɔfo kasa mu wɔ 1577 mu na ɛpui wɔ William Shakespeare atwerɛ mu ntɛm paa wɔ 1623 mu, wɔ Two Gentlemen of Verona.[7] Wɔ ne afe apem ahankron ne mmienu Dictionary of Philisophy ne Psychology mu no, James Mark Baldwin kyerɛɛ akorafoɔ ahodoɔ mmiɛnsa:
- Biological rivalry
- Personal anaa conscious rivalry,
- Commercial ne industrial rivalry[8]
- Nea wopɛno nti, Kilduff ne ne mfɛfoɔ wɔ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛɛ a wɔresan ahwɛ mu biom wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du mu no, wɔkyɛɛ mu akansie ahodoɔ mmiɛnsa (ankorankorɛ, ekuo, ne dwumakuo), na wɔmaa koratwe daa nso sɛ" ɛyɛ akansie a obiara repre ne deɛ" a "adwene mu nnoɔma wɔ mu".[9] Abɛɛfo nhwehwɛmu nso akyerɛ mu saa, adeɛ a akansie a ɛbɛn ne abakɔsɛm a ɛbɛma wɔanya kora, saa ara nso na ebio kyerɛ mu sɛ anigyeɛ a ɛnni mu no bɛma hia abakɔsɛm no hia wɔ akansie no mu.[10]
Archrival
sesa- Sɛ nnipa bi wɔ akorafoɔ pii a, nea ne ho hia no wɔfrɛ no "Archrival".[11] Wɔ nsɛm a ɛnyɛ nokware mu no, ɛyɛ ma sɛ obi bɛnya Archrival anaa archenemy ma no yɛ ne tamfo. Saa nso na, Archrival bɛtumi afa nso afiri mesua, ɛno akyire no na wayɛ tamfo a nea ɔdi mu tintima no ntumi mma no nni ntwo(anaa ɛno na ɔma no di ntwo), mpo berɛ a ɔnyɛ atamfo a ɔnni dwuma ma nea ɔdi mu tintima no.[12]
Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
sesa- ↑ Thompson, William R. (2001). "Identifying Rivals and Rivalries in World Politics". International Studies Quarterly. 45 (4): 557–586. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00214.
- ↑ ; citing
- ↑ Michael Brecher (May 26, 2016). The world of protracted conflicts. Lanham, Maryland. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4985-3188-7. OCLC 1253439132
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Thompson, William R. (1999). Great power rivalries. Columbia, S.C. p. 3. ISBN 1-57003-279-3. OCLC 40142926.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rivalry
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000skea
- ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/it-takes-two-the-history-of-rival
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc8YAAAAIAAJ
- ↑ ilduff, Gavin J.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Staw, Barry M. (2010). "The psychology of rivalry: A relationally dependent analysis of competition". Academy of Management Journal. 53 (5): 943–969. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.8762. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.54533171.
- ↑ https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/rivalries-affect-risk-sports-business
- ↑ Collins Cobuild Advanced Dictionary of English (2016), p. 59.
- ↑ Sage Michael (2011), How to Become a Superhero: the Ultimate Guide to the Ultimate You!, p. 228