Amanirenas
Ɔhemmaa Amanirenas (a wɔsan kyerɛw no Amanirena ), a Strabo kaa ne ho asɛm sɛ n’ani biako ani afura no yɛ Kus Ahemman no hemmaa fi bɛyɛ afe 1000 mu. 40 A.Y.B. 10 A.Y.B.[1]
N'asɛmti a edi mũ ne Amnirense qore li kdwe li ("Ameniras, qore ne kandake"). Meroitic, Kush ahemman no mu kurom hɔ kasa no da so ara yɛ nea wontumi nhu; nanso nkyerɛwee ahorow a ɛma Ɔhemmaa Amanirenas abodin " qore " ne " kandake " nso kyerɛ sɛ na ɔyɛ ɔhemmaa a odi tumi ankorankoro.[1]
Asetra mu nsɛm
sesaƆhemmaa Amanirenas yɛ Meroitic ahemmaa a wɔagye din sen biara no mu biako esiane dwuma a odii wɔ Kushifo asraafo a wodii wɔn anim tiaa Romafo wɔ ɔko a ɛkɔɔ so mfe abiɛsa (25 A.Y.B. kosi 22 A.Y.B.) mu nti. Ɔko yi na ɛmaa Roma ntrɛwmu a ɛkɔ anafo fam wɔ Afrika no gyaee.[2] Bere a odii kan dii nkonim wɔ Roma Misraim so akyi no, Ɔsahene Gaius Petronius pam Kus asraafo no fii Misraim na ɔde Roma hye foforo sii hɔ wɔ Hiere Sycaminos ( Maharraq ).[3]
Strabo kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛfa Meroitic Ko a edii anim tiaa Roma Ahemman no ho no bi ne ɔhemmaa bi a wɔfrɛ no “Candace,” Latin kasa a wɔde kandake . Ne din pue wɔ stelae so ka Teriteqas ne Akinidad de ho, nanso abusuabɔ pɔtee a ɛda saa baasa yi ntam no mu nna hɔ koraa wɔ abakɔsɛm kyerɛwtohɔ no mu; nanso, nhomanimfo taa bu Akinidad sɛ ne ba na Teriteqas yɛ ne kunu.
Strabo Akontaabu (17.53-54) .
sesaKushifo Ntua a Wɔbaa Misraim
sesaSɛnea Strabo kyerɛwtohɔ kyerɛ no, Kushi asraafo no tow hyɛɛ Thebais ne Syene so bere a na saa bere no ɔmampanyin Aelius Gallus wɔ akyirikyiri reko atia wɔ Arabia wɔ afe 25 A.Y.B. Wodii nkonim wɔ Syene, Elephantine ne Philae a wɔfaa no mu . Bere a wɔfaa kurow no, wɔde emufo yɛɛ nkoa na wɔsɛee Kaesare Augusto ahoni . Ɛwom sɛ Strabo nka ho asɛm pɔtee de, nanso wosiee ohoni a ɛte saa no biako ti wɔ asɔrefie bi atrapoe ase, na ɛma wɔkoraa so soronko. Bust no kɔɔ so yɛɛ nea ɛte saa wɔ mfehaha no nyinaa mu na mprempren wɔde akyerɛ wɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae .
Petronius Nubia Ɔsatu no
sesaStrabo ka sɛ Gaius Petronius, Misraim ɔmanpanyin foforo no ne “asraafo a wɔnam fam a wonnu mpem du ne apɔnkɔsotefo ahanwɔtwe” nantew tiaa Kus mmarima mpem aduasa wɔ Syene. Kusfo no de “kyɛm akɛse a ɛyɛ tenten a wɔde nantwi nhoma a wɔannoa ayɛ” ne akode a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ agyan, pikes, ne nkrante koe. Esiane eyi nti, Petronius ntua no hyɛɛ wɔn so. Strabo ka Kus asraafo no ho asɛm sɛ “wɔahyehyɛ wɔn ho wɔ ɔkwan a enye so.”
Kus asraafo no kae sɛ wɔn ntua no fi asɛm bi a ɛda nomarchs, Misraim atemmufo panyin a na wɔyɛ atetesɛm mu no ntam; Strabo mfa nea na asɛm no yɛ ho nsɛm mma. Petronius dii nkonim akyi no, Kus asraafo no guan kɔɔ mmeae ahorow: ebinom kɔɔ nkurow akɛse mu, ebinom kɔɔ sare so, na afoforo nso kɔɔ supɔw bi a ɛbɛn hɔ so.
Strabo hu sɛ “wɔn a woguan yi mu ne Ɔhemmaa Kandace, Etiopiafo hemmaa, asraafo mpanyimfo. Ɔka ne ho asɛm sɛ “ɔbea a ɔyɛ ɔbarima, na n’ani biako ani afura.” Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Strabo reka Amanirenas a na okura abodin kandake no ho asɛm ; "Candace” yɛ Latin kasa a wɔde kyerɛw n'abodin no na ɛnkyerɛ sodifo a ɔyɛ soronko. Bere a Petronius faa asraafo a na wɔreguan no akyi no, ɔsomaa wɔn kɔɔ Alexandria sɛ wɔnkɔtwɛn atemmu.
Amanirenas ankasa ne ne babarima no te Napata . Bere a Petronius bɛn hɔ, na ɔde Pselchis ne Premnis kɔɔ kwan so no, Amanirenas somaa ananmusifo ne nkrasɛm a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛsan de nnommum a wɔfaa wɔn wɔ Syene ne Kaesare ahoni no nyinaa aba. Wobuu wɔn ani guu n’adesrɛ no so na wɔsɛee kurow no. Wɔ nnommum a wɔdaa so tenaa ase a ɔfaa wɔn no mu no, wɔtɔn ebinom na wɔde afoforo kɔɔ Augusto sɛ ɔko mu nneduafo.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔabua no, Amanirenas dii ntua a ɛto so abien anim tiaa Petronius asraafo a wogyaw wɔn wɔ Premnis no. Strabo ka sɛ na ɔwɔ “mmarima mpempem pii.” Petronius dii Amanirenas so nkonim na odii kan duu Premnis, na ɔbɔɔ ho ban fii ne ntua no ho. Amanirenas somaa ananmusifo, a na Petronius de wɔn akɔ Augusto a ɔbaa hɔ bere bi ansa na wɔretu saa ntua yi nkyɛn no nkyɛn. Augusto amfa tow foforo biara amma na odii ananmusifo no apɛde ho dwuma.
Asomdwoe Apam a Ɛbɛba
sesaBere a Petronius Nubia ɔsatu no dii nkonim akyi no, Roma Ahemman no anafo fam hye no tu kɔɔ Misraim akyi kɔɔ Primis (Qasr Ibrim). Asomdwoe apam a efii mu bae no maa Romafo tuu Thirty-Mile Strip, a Primis ka ho no fa bi fii hɔ.[2] Na wɔayi Meroifo no afi tow a wobetua ama Ahemman no ho. Apam no maa Romafo no kwan ma wɔkɔɔ so faa Dodekashoinos (“Asase a Ɛyɛ Akwansin Dumien”) sɛ asraafo hye so beae. Afei wɔde Roma hye no kɔɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Hiere Sycaminos (Maharraq).
Saa apam yi kɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma kosii afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa Y.B.[4] Kus ahenni kɔɔ so yɛɛ tumi a ɛyɛ hu kosii sɛ ɛhwee ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien Y.B.[5]
Meroë Ti
sesaAugusto ti a Amanirenas korae, a wɔfrɛ no Meroë Ti, no, Britania fam tutufo John Garstang na ohui wɔ 1910 mu Ahwehwɛ, dade, ne ahwehwɛ aniwa a ɛwɔ ohoni no mu a ɛtaa yera wɔ asinasin a ɛte saa ara mu no kɔɔ so yɛɛ nea ɛte saa esiane sɛ wosiee no nti. Wɔde Helafo kwan so na ɛyɛɛ mfonini no, na ɛkanyan mmerantebere ne tumi. Wɔde kɔbere na ɛyɛ ti no ankasa, ɛsõ sen nkwa, na ne su te sɛ Augustus Prima Porta. Wɔde calcite, dade nkaa, ne ahwehwɛ na ɛyɛ aniwa no.[6]
Wosiee ti no wɔ Meroitic asɔrefie bi a wɔahyira so ama Nkonimdi no anammɔn ase, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na wɔde rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Augusto ahyɛ Kushifo nkurɔfo adwene mu na wɔde Roma asi hɔ sɛ tumi a wɔadi nkogu. Ebia mfonini ahorow a ɛwɔ asɔredan no ankasa mu no kyerɛ Romafo ɔko mu nneduafo a wogyina Kushini bi a odi tumi, ebia Akinidad, anim.
Sudan Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Tututu So no na ɛde sika boaa Meroë ( Nubia ) a wotutuu fam no. Bere a wohuu Meroë Ti no akyi no, wɔde maa Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛda so ara te hɔ nnɛ no akyɛde.
Hamadab Stella
sesaWɔde anhweatam na ɛyɛ Hamadab Stela, a wɔyɛe wɔ afeha a edi kan A.Y.B. Meroitic nkyerɛwee a ɛtoatoa so aduanan anum na ɛwɔ hɔ, a wɔakyerɛw so na wɔatwitwa mu. Kyerɛwsɛm no ka Ɔhemmaa Amanirenas ne Ɔhene Akinidad, a wosusuw sɛ ɔyɛ ne kunu no nyinaa ho asɛm. Awarefo no honi a wɔatwitwa a anyame bi wɔ so no yera; nan nkutoo na ɛda so ara yɛ nea wotumi hu.[7]
John Garstang, fam tutufo a ɔhwɛɛ Meroë Ti no so na ohuu stela no wɔ afe 1914. Na stela no gyina asɔredan ketewa bi pon ano, na na stela a ɛto so abien a ɛwɔ ɔfa a ɛne no bɔ abira ka ho. Stela no tenten bɛyɛ mita abien na ne tɛtrɛtɛ bɛyɛ mita biako. Wɔde Meroitic kasa no atwitwa mu.
Ebia anyame a wɔatwitwa wɔn ho wɔ Amanirenas ne Akinidad nkyɛn no ne Amun ne Mut ; onipa a otwa to no kura ankh, Misrifo daa nkwa ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Wɔayɛ nneduafo a wɔde nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn abɔ wɔn ho mfonini wɔ awarefo a wodi tumi no ne anyame no ase. Esiane sɛ stela no yɛ awarefo a wodi tumi a wɔde nneduafo a wɔakyekyere wɔn ho mfonini na efi afeha a edi kan A.Y.B.[7] Ɛda Meroitic asɛmfua “Areme” a ebia wɔbɛkyerɛ ase sɛ Roma adi.
Sɛ nkyerɛwee no ka Roma ɔsatu no ho asɛm a, ne nkyerɛase no ho hia kɛse ma nhomanimfo. Meroitic ne Roma ntawntawdi no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛda so ara wɔ hɔ ara ne Romafo mfiase na mpɛn pii no nsɛmmɔnedi ahyɛ mu ma.
Agyapadeɛ
sesaƐwom sɛ mfiase no na wontumi nhu Amanirenas de, nanso wabɛyɛ obi a agye din esiane nhoma ahorow a agye din nnansa yi te sɛ Rejected Princesses: Heroines, Hellions, and Heretics a Jason Porath kyerɛwee ne nhomanimfo anigye foforo a wɔanya wɔ Roma nniso a wɔsɔre tia ho nti. Adesua a wɔde bae wɔ atubrafo akyi ne sɛnea wɔde wɔn adwene sii nipasu so wɔ ahemman nniso ase wɔ Classics no mu ne nhoma ahorow a efii mu bae no atrɛw asɛm no ho ntease mu, nanso Amanirenas ho nsɛm da so ara yɛ kakraa bi esiane sɛ Meroitic yɛ kasa a wontumi nkyerɛ ase nti. Esiane sɛ Strabo kyerɛwtohɔ no nkutoo ne fibea titiriw a wɔakyerɛ ase a ɛka Amanirenas ho asɛm tenten no to ɔhemmaa a n’ani yɛ biako no ho ntease ano hye bio.
Hwɛ nso
sesaNsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so
sesa- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Török, Laszló (1997). The kingdom of Kush : handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic civilization. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10448-8. OCLC 36865663.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of battles and sieges : a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-02799-4. OCLC 230808376.
- ↑ Robinson, Arthur E. (October 1928). "The Arab Dynasty of Dar for (Darfur)1". African Affairs (in English). XXVIII (CIX): 55–67. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100377. ISSN 1468-2621.
- ↑ Hintze, F. (1991). Bock, Hans-Hermann; Ihm, Peter (eds.). "Automatic Syntax Analysis of Meroitic Funeral Inscriptions". Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization (in English). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 318–324. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76307-6_42. ISBN 978-3-642-76307-6.
- ↑ Edwards, David N. (2004-07-29). The Nubian Past (in English). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203482766. ISBN 978-1-134-20087-0.
- ↑ MacGregor, Neil (2011). A history of the world in 100 objects. British Museum, BBC Radio (First American ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-670-02270-0. OCLC 707969107.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schellinger, Sarah Maria (2017). An Analysis Of The Architectural, Religious, And Political Significance Of The Napatan And Meroitic Palaces.