Wikipedia

Asetena mu nkitahodie (Socialization)

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu

Wɔ asetena ho adesua mu no, asetena mu nkitahodie anaa asetena mu nkitahodie (hwɛ ntwerɛdeɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ) ɛyɛ adeyɛ a wɔde hwɛ ɔmanfoɔ gyinapɛn ne adwene mu. Asetena mu nkitahodie ka adesua ne nkyerɛkyerɛ nyinaa ho na ne saa enti ɛyɛ "ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya asetena ne amammerɛ mu nkɔsoɔ".[1][2]

Asetena mu nkitahodie ne nkɔsoɔ adwene wɔ abusuabɔ kɛseɛ.[3] Nnipa hia asetena mu osuahunu ahodoɔ na ama wɔasua wɔn amammerɛ na wɔatumi nso atena ase.[4]

Ne titiri no, nkitahodie gyina hɔ ma adesua nhyehyɛeɛ nyinaa wɔ asetena mu nyinaa na ɛyɛ nkɛntɛnso titiri wɔ mpaninfoɔ ne mmɔfra nso nneyɔeɛ, gyidie, ne wɔn nneyɔeɛ so.[5][6]

Asetena mu nkitahodie beberee bɛtumi ama nnoɔma a wɔpɛ afiri mu aba —ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no "abrabɔ pa" —wɔ ɔmanfo a ɛkɔ so wɔ hɔ no ho. Ankorankorɛ adwene nya nsunsuansoɔ wɔ ɔmanfo adwene a ɛwɔ hɔ so nkɛntɛnso na ɛtaa kɔ deɛ saa ɔmanfo no hu sɛ ɛyɛ deɛ wɔgye tom anaasɛ "ɛyɛ deɛ ɛfata" so. Asetena mu ayɔnkofa de nkyerɛkyerɛmu fa bi ma wɔ nnipa gyidie ne wɔn nneyɔeɛ ho, na ɛkɔ so ka sɛ nnoɔma a wɔde yɛ adwuma no nyɛ slates a ɛda hɔ kwa a wɔn nnoɔma a atwa wɔn ho ahyia na wɔahyɛ ato hɔ;[7] nyansahunu mu nhwehwɛmu de adanseɛ ma sɛ asetena mu nkɛntɛnso ne awosuo nyinaa na ɛhyehyɛ nnipa.[8][9][10][11]

Awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ada no adi sɛ nnoɔma a atwa obi ho ahyia no ne wɔn awosu mu nkwaadɔm di nkitaho ma wonya deɛ ɛfiri nneyɔeɛ mu ba no so nkɛntɛnso.

Abakɔsɛm

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Adwene a ɛfa ɔmanfoɔ ne abɔdeɛ tebea ho wɔ hɔ mfirinhyia pii. Wɔ ne dwumadie a ɛdi kan no mu no, na nkitahodie yɛ adeyɛ a ɛfa nkitahodie ho anaa asɛmfua foforɔ a wɔde gyina hɔ ma sohyialism ara kwa. [12][13][14]Asetena mu nkitahodie sɛ adwene no hyɛɛ aseɛ berɛ korɔ mu ne asetena ho adesua, sɛdeɛ wɔkyerɛɛ asetena mu adesua ase sɛ aduro a wɔde sa "asetena mu nkitahodie pɔtee, asetena mu nkitahodie nhyehyɛeɛ ne akwan ahodoɔ, sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ no, a ɛne anigyeɛ ne emu nsɛm a ɛda adi wɔ asetena mu nkitahodie mu bɔ abira. Ne titiri no, na asetena mu ayɔnkofa yɛ asetena mu ekuo a wɔhyehyɛ ne nkɔso, ne asetena mu adwene tebea nso a ɛkɔ so wɔ ankorankorɛ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nkitahodie no mu.[15] Enti asetena mu nkitahodie yɛ ade a ɛde nkitahodie ba wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu.[16] Na asɛmfua no nhyɛɛda nnii mu ansa na 1940 reba, nanso ɛbɛyɛɛ deɛ nkurɔfoɔ ani gye ho wɔ Wiase Ko a ɛtɔ so mmienu ( II ) akyi, na epuei wɔ nsɛm asekyerɛ nwoma ne nwomanimfoɔ nwoma mu te sɛ Talcott Parsons nsusueɛ mu.[17]

Abrabɔ pa mu nkɔsoɔ fa ahodoɔ

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Lawrence Kohlberg suaa abrabɔ pa ho nsusueɛ na ɔyɛɛ nsusueɛ bi a ɛfa sɛdeɛ ankorankorɛ susu tebea hodoɔ ho sɛ papa anaa bɔne. Ɔfa a edi kan ne ɔfa a edi kan a wɔtaa yɛ, a obi (a mpɛn pii no mmɔfra) nya wiase no wɔ yaw ne anigye mu, a wɔn abrabɔ pa ho gyinaeɛ ahoroɔ da osuahunu yi nko ara adi. Deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no, deɛ ɛda nson wɔ ɔfa a wɔtaa yɛ (a ɛtaa ba mmabunu ne mpanyinfoɔ fam) no mu ne sɛ wogye ɔmanfo amanneɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa papa ne bɔne ho to mu, berɛ mpo a biribiara nni hɔ a efiri ɔsotie anaa asoɔden mu ba no. Awiei koraa no, sɛ obi kɔ akyiri sene ɔmanfoɔ gyinapɛn ahodoɔ de susu abrabɔ pa nnyinasosɛm ahodoɔ a enni adwene ho berɛ a ɔresusu abrabɔ pa ho gyinae a, adeyɛ a ɛba wɔ amanneɛ kwan so akyi (a wɔntaa nnya) ba.[18]

Adwene ne nneyɔeɛ mu nkɔsoɔ fa ahodoɔ

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Erik H. Erikson (1902–1994) kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ asetena nyinaa mu. Adeɛ a edi kan wɔ asetena mu ne nkwadaaberɛ, baabi a nkwadaa sua ahotɔsoɔ ne ahotɔsoɔ a wɔnni. Ɔfa a ɛtɔ so mmienu ne mmɔfraberɛ mu a mmɔfra a wɔadi bɛyɛ mfeɛ mmienu di aperɛ wɔ asɛnnennen a ɛne ahofadie a ɛne adwene mu annye annie ho. Wɔ ɔfa a ɛtɔ so mmiɛna, mmɔfra a wɔn nyaa nkɔɔ sukuu mu no, mmɔfraberɛ ansa na wɔahunu sɛ wɔbɛte nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda adeyɛ ne ɛfɔbu ntam ase. Ɔfa nnan, ansa na wɔbɛduru wɔn mpanyin fie so no, mmɔfra sua mmɔdemmɔ ne wɔn a wɔba fam ho adeɛ. Wɔ ɔfa a ɛtɔ so num a wɔfrɛ no mmeranteberɛ ne mmabaawaberɛ mu no, mmabunu hyia asɛnnennen a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛnya nipasu ne adwene a ɛkyere wɔn so. Ɔfa a ɛtɔ so nsia, mmeranteɛ ne mmabaawa mpanyin fie so, ne berɛ a mmeranteɛ ne mmabaawa nya asetena mu nhunumu berɛ a wɔredi asɛnnennen a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛn wɔn ho wɔn ho na wɔatwe wɔn ho afiri afoforɔ ho. Wɔ ɔfa nson, anaa wɔyini kakra a, wɔ hyia asɛnnennen a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma nsakraeɛ aba (sɛ wɔde toto wɔn ho a wɔde hyɛ mu). Wɔ ɔfa a ɛtwa toɔ no, ɔfa nwɔtwe anaa onyini mu no, nkurɔfoɔ da so ara resua asɛnnennen a ɛfa nokwaredi ne abamutuo ho.[19] Saa adwene yi na Klaus Hurrelmann ne Gudrun Quenzel de "nkɔsoɔ nnwuma" ho nhwɛsoɔ a ɛyɛ nnam no akɔ so ayɛ.[20]

Suban ho nimdeɛ

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George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) yɛɛ asetena mu nneyɔeɛ ho nsusueɛ bi de kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛdeɛ asetena mu suahunu ma ankorankorɛ bi ankasa adwene nya nkɔsoɔ mu. Mead adwene titiri ne ne ho: Ɛyɛ ne ho a ɔhunu ne ne ho mfoni. Mead kaa sɛ nipasu no nni hɔ wɔ awoɔ mu, mmom no, wɔde asetena mu suahunu na ɛma ɛba. Esiane sɛ asetena mu suahunu yɛ sɛnkyerɛnnede ahodoɔ a wɔde sesa nti, nkurɔfo taa nya nteaseɛ wɔ adeyɛ biara mu. Nteaseɛ a yɛhwehwɛ no ma yɛyɛ afoforɔ adwene ho mfoni wɔ yɛn adwene mu. Adwene a wobɛte ase no hwehwɛ sɛ worefiri ɔfoforo no adwene mu yɛ tebea no ho mfoni wɔ w’adwene mu. Sɛ yɛbɛka a, afoforo yɛ ahwehwɛ a yɛtumi hunu yɛn ho wɔ mu. Charles Horton Cooley (1902-1983) na ɔde asɛmfua "looking glass self", a ɛkyerɛ ankasa ho mfoni a ɛgyina sɛdeu yɛsusu sɛ afoforo hunu yɛn so. Sɛdeɛ Mead kyerɛ no, ade titiri a ɛbɛma woanya nipasu ne sɛ wobɛsua sɛ wobɛyɛ ɔfoforo no dwumadie. Sɛ nkwadaa nni asetena mu suahunu pii a, deɛ wɔbɛtumi asuasua nkutoo so anya wɔn ho adwene. Nkakrankakra mmɔfra sua sɛdeɛ wɔbɛyɛ afoforo pii dwumadi ahodoɔ. Ɔfa a ɛtwa toɔ ne deɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, a ɛkyerɛ amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ne gyinapɛnɛ ahodoɔ a atrɛ a yɛde di dwuma sɛdeɛ yɛde susu afoforo ho.[21]

Adanse a ɛbɔ abira a ɛkyerɛ nneyɔeɛ ho adwene

sesa

Suban ho nimdeɛ ka sɛ sɛ wɔwo nkwadaa a wɔnni asetena mu suahunu anaasɛ wɔn ankasa. Nanso, asetena mu "pre-wiring hypothesis" no da adanseɛ adi ɛnam nyansahunu mu nhwehwɛmu bi so sɛ asetena mu nneyɔeɛ yɛ deɛ wonya firi awoɔ mu fa bi na ɛbɛtumi anya nkokoaa so nkɛntɛnsoɔ na ɛbɛtumi anya awoɔtwaa so nkɛntɛnso mpo. "Wired to be social" kyerɛ sɛ wɔnkyerɛkyerɛ nkwadaa sɛ wɔyɛ asetena mu abɔdeɛ, na mmom wɔwoo wɔn sɛ asetena mu abɔdeɛ a wɔasiesie wɔn ho.

Asetena mu pre-wiring hypothesis no kyerɛ ontogeny a ɛwɔ asetena mu nkitahodi mu. Afei nso wɔfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ ɔkwan pa so sɛ, "wired to be social". Nsusueɛ no gye akyinnyeɛ sɛ ebia su bi wɔ hɔ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ ade a ɛfa aseten ho a ɛwɔ hɔ deda ansa na wɔrewo. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ nsusueɛ no mu no de ba awieɛ sɛ wɔwo mmɔfra a wɔawo wɔn foforo ba wiase no mu a awosu mu nhama soronko bi wɔ hɔ na ama wɔatumi ne afoforo di nkitaho.

Wobɛtumi adan tebea mu adanse a ɛfoa asetena mu "pre-wiring hypothesis" no so adi berɛ a wɔrehwehwɛ mmɔfra a wɔawo wɔn foforo nneyɔeɛ mu no. Wɔahunu sɛ mmɔfra a wɔawo wɔn foforo, wɔ awoɔ akyi nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi mpo, da ahoboa a wɔasiesie ama nkitahodie adi. Wɔda ahosiesie yi adi wɔ akwan ahodoɔ te sɛ wɔn anim sɛnkyerɛnne a wɔsuasua so. Wɔrentumi mfa saa nneyɔeɛ a wɔahunu yi mma mprempren nkitahodie anaa asetena mu adansie biara. Mmom no, ɛda adi kɛseɛ sɛ mmɔfra a wɔawo wɔn foforo nam awosuo so nya asetena mu nneyɔeɛ ne nipasu kodu baabi.

Wɔnam Twin nyinsɛn mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ so hunu saa nsusueɛ yi ho adanseɛ titiri. Akyinnyegye titiri ne sɛ, sɛ asetena mu nneyɔeɛ bi wɔ hɔ a wɔnya firi awoɔ mu na wonya ansa na wɔawo a, ɛno deɛ ɛsɛ sɛ obi hwɛ kwan sɛ awotwaa a wɔyɛ mmanoma de wɔn ho bɛhyɛ ayɔnkofa bi mu ansa na wɔawo wɔn. Enti, wɔnam "ultrasound" akwan so yɛɛ awotwaa du mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ berɛ bi mu. Berɛ a wɔde "kinematic analysis" dii dwuma no, deɛ efiri sɔhwɛ no mu bae ne sɛ awotwaa a wɔyɛ mmanoma no ne wɔn ho wɔn ho bɛdi nkitaho berɛ tenten na mpɛn pii berɛ a nyinsɛn no kɔ so no. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ tumi de baa awieɛ sɛ sɛdeɛ wɔyɛɛ kankyee a ɛkɔ so wɔ mfɛfoɔ mmanoma no ntam no nyɛ deɛ ɛbaeɛ wɔ akwanhyia mu na mmom na wɔde asi wɔn ani so pɔtee.

Wɔdaa no adi sɛdeɛ asetena mu "pre-wiring hypothesis" no teɛ, "Nkɔsoɔ titiri a ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmu yi mu ne ɔyɛkyerɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ 'asetena mu nneyɔeɛ' deda wɔ nyinsɛn no fa a ɛtɔso mmienu no mu. Efiri nyinsɛn no dapɛn a ɛtɔ so du nan mu no, awotwaa mmanoma yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ na wɔyɛ kankyee ahodoɔ a wɔde asi wɔn a wɔbom yɛ mmanoma no so titiri. Saa nsɛm a wɔahunu yi hyɛ yɛn sɛ yɛbɛdi kan ansa na asetena mu nneyɔeɛ apue: berɛ a nsɛm a ɛfa ho no ma ɛyɛ yiye, sɛdeɛ ɛte wɔ nyinsɛn mmanoma ho no, ɛnyɛ sɛ nneyɔeɛ a afoforo kyerɛ kwan no bɛtumi aba nko na mmom ɛdɔɔso sene nneyɔeɛ a wɔn ankasa kyerɛ kwan.

Nkitahodie Ahodoɔ

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Mfitiaseɛ nkitahodie

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Mfitiaseɛ nkitahodie ba berɛ a abɔfra sua suban, gyinapɛn ahodoɔ, ne nneyɔeɛ a ɛfata ankorankorɛ sɛ amammerɛ pɔtee bi mufoɔ. Mfitiaseɛ nkitahodie ho hia yie ma abɔfra ɛfiri sɛ ɛde fapem ma daakye fekubɔ nyinaa. Ebusuafoɔ ne nnamfoɔ a wɔbɛn wɔn pɛɛ titiri na wɔnya so nsunsuansoɔ. Nhwɛsoɔ ne sɛ, sɛ abɔfra bi maame da nyiyim adwene adi wɔ kuo ketewaa anaa dodoɔ no ara ho a, ɛnneɛ ebia saa abɔfra no bɛsusu sɛ saa suban yi yɛ deɛ wɔgye tom na ɔbɛtumi akɔ so anya saa adwene yi wɔ saa kuo ketewaa anaa dodoɔ no ara ho.

Ayɔnkofa a ɛtɔ so mmienu

sesa

Ayɔnkofa a ɛtɔ so mmienu kyerɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so sua deɛ ɛyɛ suban a ɛfata sɛ kuo ketewaa bi muni wɔ ɔman kɛseɛ no mu. Ne titiri no, ɛfa suban ahodoɔ a ɔmanfo a wɔdi nkitaho hyɛ mu den no ho. Nkitahodie a ɛtɔ so mmienu no kɔ so wɔ abɔnten. Ɛyɛ baabi a mmɔfra ne mpanyinfoɔ sua sɛdeɛ wɔbɛyɛ wɔn ade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata tebea ahodoɔ a wɔwɔ mu no so.[22] Sukuu ahodoɔ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneyɔeɛ soronko koraa wɔ wɔn fie, na ɛwɔ sɛ mmɔfra yɛ wɔn ade sɛdeɛ mmara foforo te. Ɛwɔ sɛ akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ foforo yɛ wɔn ade wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ asuafoɔ ho na wosua mmara foforo no firi nnipa a wɔatwa wɔn ho ahyia hɔ. Mpɛn pii no, nkitahodie a ɛtɔ so mmienu no ne mmabunu ne mpanyimfo wɔ abusuabɔ na ɛfa nsakrae nketenkete ho sene deɛ ɛba wɔ nkitahodie titiri mu. Nhwɛso ahoroɔ a ɛfa nkitahodie a ɛtɔ so mmienu ho no bɛtumi ayɛ adwuma foforo a wɔbɛhyɛn anaasɛ wɔtu kɔ tebea foforo anaa ɔman foforo mu.

Ayɔnkofa a wɔhwɛ kwan
sesa

Ayɔnkofa a wɔgye tom kyerɛ asetena akwan hodoɔ a obi "san sua" daakye dibea, adwuma, ne asetena mu abusuabɔ ho. Nhwɛsoɔ ne sɛ, ebia awarefoɔ bi bɛbom atu akɔtena hɔ ansa na wɔaware sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛsɔ sɛdeɛ wɔbɛbom atena no ahwɛ, anaasɛ wɔbɛhwɛ kwan. Nhwehwɛmu a Kenneth J. Levine ne Cynthia A. Hoffner yɔeɛ no kyerɛ sɛ awofoɔ ne ade titiri na ɛma wɔnya asetena mu nkitahodie a wɔhwɛ kwan wɔ nnwuma ne adwumayɛ ho.[23]

Nnipa a wɔsan de wɔn ho hyɛ asetena nkitahodie mu
sesa

Wode wo ho rehyɛ asetena nkitahodie mu kyerɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so to kane suban-nsusueɛ ne nsusueɛ ahodoɔ gu berɛ a wɔgye foforɔ tom sɛ asetena mu nsakraeɛ fa bi. Wei bɛtumi aba wɔ onipa nkwa nna nyinaa mu.[24] Ayɔnkofa a wɔsan yɛ no bɛtumi ayɛ osuahunu a emu yɛ den, a ankorankoro nya ahomegyeɛ kɛseɛ wɔ wɔn kane asetena mu, ne hia a ehia sɛ wɔsua na wɔdan wɔn ho adi wɔ gyinapɛn ne gyinapɛn ahodoɔ a ɛsono emu biara koraa mu. Nhwɛsoɔ baako a ɛtaa ba fa wɔ sɛ wode wo ho rehyɛ asetena nkitahodie nam ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa so, anaa "beaeɛ a wɔte nnipa firi ɔmanfoɔ nkaeɛ ho na adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔhwɛ so di wɔn so". Sɛ wode wo ho rehyɛ asetena mu nkitahodie bio wɔ asoeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa no fa anammɔn mmienu nhyehyɛe ho: 1) adwumayɛfoɔ no yɛ adwuma de tu ɔdeduani foforo ankorankoro nipasu firi ntini mu; na 2) adwumayɛfoɔ no bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛbɔ deduani no nipasu foforɔ.[25] [26]Nhwɛsoɔ foforɔ bi ne osuahunu ahodoɔ a ɛfa aberanteɛ bi a ɔfiri fie kɔkaa asrafoɔ, anaa nyamesom mu nsakraeɛ bi a ɔde gyidie ne amanneɛ a ɛwɔ gyidie foforɔ mu no hyɛɛ ne mu. Nhwɛsoɔ foforo bɛyɛ ɔkwan a obi a ɔsakra ne bɔbeasu ne sɛdeɛ wɔfa so sua adwuma wɔ asetena mu wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa dwumadie a ɛsakra kɛse mu.

Adwumakuo bi asetena mu nkitahodie

sesa

Adwumakuo bi astena nkitahodie yɛ ɔkwan a odwumayɛni bi fa so sua nimdeɛ ne nsaano adwuma a ɛho hia na ama wafa ne dwumadie wɔ adwumakuo bi mu. Berɛ a wɔn a wɔaba foforo no reyɛ nnipa a wɔne afoforo di nkitaho no, wɔsua adwumakuo no ne n’abakɔsɛm, ne gyinapɛn ahodoɔ, kasakoa, amammerɛ, ne akwan hodoɔ a wɔfa so yɛ wɔn ade.[27] Nimdeɛ a wonya fa adwumayɛfoɔ foforɔ daakye adwumayɛbea ho no ka ɔkwan a wɔfa so de wɔn nimdeɛ ne wɔn tumi di dwuma wɔ wɔn nnwuma mu. Sɛdeɛ adwumayɛfoɔ no de wɔn ho hyɛ nimdeɛ akyi denneennen no ka wɔn nkitahodie nhyehyɛe no. Adwumayɛfoɔ foforɔ nso sua wɔn adwumakuo, nnipa pɔtee a wɔne wɔn bɛyɛ adwuma da biara da, wɔn ankasa dwumadie wɔ adwuma no mu, akeka a ɛhia na wɔde ayɛ wɔn adwuma, ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma ne gyinapɛn a ɛnyɛ mmara kwan so nyinaa.[28] Asetena mu nkitahodie yɛ adwuma sɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛne sɛ wɔn a wɔaba foforo sua sɛ wɔde ahyehyɛdeɛ no gyinapɛn ne nneyɔeɛ bɛhyɛ wɔn mu na wɔadi so.

Kuo asetena mu nkitahodie

sesa

Kuo no nkitahodie ne nsusueɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ankorankorɛ bi atipɛnfoɔ akuo, sene awofoɔ nipadua, bɛnya nnyinasoɔ titiri wɔ nipasu ne nneyɔeɛ so wɔ mpanyin mfeɛ so.[29] Awofoɔ suban ne fie suban nni nnyinasoɔ biara wɔ mmɔfra asetena mu nkɔsoɔ so, anaasɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ no gu ahodoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ mmɔfra ntam.[30] Mmabunu nya berɛ pii ma wɔn atipɛnfoɔ sene awofo. Enti, atipɛnfo akuw ne nipasu nkɔsoɔ wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den sene awofoɔ akontaabu.[31] Nhwɛsoɔ ne sɛ, mmarima ntaafoɔ a wɔn awosu mu agyapade yɛ pɛ no nipasu bɛyɛ soronko esiane sɛ ɛsono nnamfoɔ akuo, na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsono sɛdeɛ wɔn awofoɔ tetee wɔn nti. Suban ho awosu kyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoe a ɛkɔ soro kɔduru ɔha biara mu aduonum a ɛwɔ mpanyimfoɔ nipasu mu no firi awosuo mu nsonsonoeɛ.[32] Baabi a wɔtete abɔfra wɔ mu no yɛ bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyemu du pɛ wɔ ɔpanyin nipasu mu nsonsonoeɛ mu. Nsonsonoeɛ no mu ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduonu firi susudua mu mfomsoɔ. Wei kyerɛ sɛ ɔpanyin nipasu fa ketewaa bi pɛ na nnoɔma a awofoɔ di so (Efie tebea) nya so nkɛntɛnso.[33] Harris gye tom sɛ berɛ a anuanom nni osuahunu korɔ wɔ fie tebea mu (ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde akontaabu pɔtee bi bɛbata nipasu mu nsonsonoe a efiri fie tebea hodoɔ mu ho), nsonsonoe a mprenpren akwan hodoɔ no hunu no sua araa ma ɛwɔ sɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ hwehwɛ baabi foforo de bɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛbu nsonsonoeɛ a aka no ho akontaa. Harris nso kaa sɛ nipasu su a ɛtena hɔ kyɛ a wɔbɛnya wɔ akyirikyiri afiri fie tebea mu no bɛyɛ deɛ mfasoɔ wɔ so wɔ adane die mu ɛfiri sɛ ɛda adi sɛ daakye nkonimdie gyina nkitahodie a wɔne wɔn atipɛnfoɔ bɛdi so sene nkitahodie a wɔne awofoɔ ne anuanom bɛdi so. Afei nso, esiane awosuo mu nsɛnni a ɛwɔ hɔ deda a ɛne awofoɔ wɔ nti, nipasu a wɔbɛnya wɔ mmɔfra bere mu fie tebea hodoɔ akyi no bɛma ankorankorɛ ayɛ ahodoɔ ahodoɔ bio, na ama wɔn adane die nkonimdi akɔ soro.

Ɛfa ahodoɔ

sesa

Ankorankoro ne akuo sesa wɔn nhwehwɛmu ne wɔn ho wɔn ho bɔhyɛ aberano. Nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ a wɔtumi hyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ hɔ a ɛba berɛ a ankorankorɛ bi reyɛ nsakraeɛ wɔ kuo bi mu: nhwehwɛmu, asetena mu nkitahodie, nsiesie, wɔresan adi asetena mu nkitabodie,, ne nkae. Wɔ ɔfa biara mu no, ankorankorɛ no ne kuo no hwehwɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho mu, na ɛma ahofama a wɔde ma wɔ asetena mu nkitahodie mu no kɔ soro anaasɛ ɛso te. Saa asetena mu nkitahodie yi pia ankorankorɛ no firi deɛ ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ no so kɔ foforo, ɔyɛ pɛ, ɔfa bi, ne kan ɔmannifo so.[34]

Ɔfa 1: Nhwehwɛmu Saa ɔfa yi yɛ deɛ wɔde ahwɛyiye hwehwɛ nsɛm. Ankorankorɛ no de akuo toto ho sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɔbɛhunu deɛ ɔbɛdi wɔn ahiadeɛ ho dwuma (reconnaissance), berɛ a kuo no bu bɔ a deɛ ɔbɛtumi ayɛ ɔmannifoɔ no ho akontaa (wɔn a wɔbɛfa wɔn adwuma mu). Wɔde kuo no mu a wɔbɛhyɛn saa fa yi, na ɛnam so ma kuo no ka kyerɛ onipa no sɛ ɔmmɛka ho na wɔnnye deɛ wɔde rema no ntom.

Stage 2: Ayɔnkofa Seesei a onipa no afiri obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔmannifoɔ mu akɔyɛ ɔmannifoɔ foforo no, ɛwɔ sɛ deɛ wɔafa no no gye kuo no amammerɛ tom. Saa gyinabea yi, onipa no gye kuo no nhyɛsoɔ ahodoɔ, gyinapɛn ahodoɔ, ne adwene tom (assimilation), na kuw no bɛtumi ayɛ nsakraeɛ ma ɛne ɔmannifoɔ foforo no ahiadeɛ ahyia (dabere). Afei wɔduru nsakrae-beaeɛ a wogye tom no ho na onipa no bɛyɛ kuo no muni a ɔyɛ pɛ. Nanso, sɛ onipa no anaa kuo no yɛ wɔn ade wɔ ɔkwan a enyɛ so a, nsakraeɛ yi bɛtumi akyɛ. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ebi a onipa no bɛyɛ n’adeɛ wɔ ahwɛyiye mu anaasɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ Kuo muni afoforo nneyɔeɛ ase wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so wɔ gyidie a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ wɔn ade wɔ ɔkwan soronko so sɛ obi a waba mu foforo.

Stage 3: Nsiesie Wɔ saa fa yi mu no, ankorankorɛ ne kuo no di nkitaho wɔ ntoboa a wɔhwɛ kwan firi adwumayɛfoɔ no hɔ (dwumadie ho nkitahodie). Berɛ a adwumayɛfoɔ pii kɔ so tena saa gyinabea yi mu kɔsi sɛ adwuma no bɛba awieɛ no, ebia ankorankorɛ binom ani nnye wɔn dwumadie wɔ kuo no mu ho anaasɛ wontumi nni kuo no akwanhwɛ ho dwuma (mpaapaemu).

Stage 4: Wo sane de woho rehyɛ asetena mu nkitahodie mu bio Sɛ wɔduru "divergence point" no ho a, kane adwumayɛni a ɔyɛ pɛ no fa dwumadie a ɛyɛ "marginal member" na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔasan de no akɔ asetena mu nkitahodie. Nnoɔma mmienu na ɛbɛtumi afiri sɛ wode woho rehyɛ asetena mu nkitahodie mu aba: afa hodoɔ no siesie wɔn ntam nsonsonoeu na onipa no san bɛyɛ ɔmannifoɔ a ɔyɛ pɛ bio (convergence), anaasɛ kuo no ne onipa no ntam tete anaasɛ wɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu firi mu so tete wɔn ho.

Stage 5: Nkae Wɔ saa fa yi mu no, kane adwumayɛfoɔ kae wɔn nkae a wɔwɔ wɔ kuo no ho ma ntease ba wɔn a wofiri hɔ nnansa no mu. Sɛ kuo no nya adwene korɔ wɔ deɛ enti a wofirii hɔ no ho a, nsɛm a wɔde ba awieɛ a ɛfa kuo no suahunu nyinaa ho no ɛbɛyɛ kuo no atetesɛm fa baabi.

Ɔbaa anaa Ɔbarima asetena mu nkitahodie

sesa

Henslin (1999:76)] kyerɛ sɛ "ayɔnkofa a ɛho hia ne sɛ wosua ɔbarima ne ɔbaa dwumadie ahodoɔ a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ amammerɛ mu". Bɔbea asetena mu nkitahodie kyerɛ nneyɔeɛ ne suban ahodoɔ a wosua a wɔbu no sɛ ɛfata ma ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna bi: mmarimaa sua sɛ wɔbɛyɛ mmarimaa ɛnna mmaa sua sɛ wɔbɛyɛ mmaa. Saa "adesua" yi nam ayɔnkofa a wɔde di dwuma ahodoɔ pii so na ɛba. Suban a wohu sɛ ɛfata ma ɔbarima ne ɔbaa biara no gyina ɔmanfoɔ, amammerɛ, ne sikasɛm mu gyinapɛn ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ ɔman bi mu so kɛse. Enti ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam abusuabɔ bɛtumi ayɛ soronko kɛse wɔ aman a ɛsono wɔn gyinapɛn ahodoɔ mu. Akyinnye biara nni hɔ sɛ abusua no ho hia wɔ mmarima ne mmaa dwumadi ahodoɔ a wɔbɛhyɛ mu den mu, nanso saa ara na akuo nso ho hia - a nnamfo, atipɛnfoɔ, sukuu, adwuma, ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfoɔ pii ka ho. Asetena mu akuo hwɛ mmarima ne mmaa dwumadie ahodoɔ so "akwan a ɛyɛ anifɛre na ɛnyɛ anifɛre saa a wontumi nkan so" (1999:76). Wɔ atipɛnfoɔ kuo dwumadie ahodoɔ mu no, wobɛtumi apo ɔbarima ne ɔbaa dwumadie ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ yɛayi afiri mu nso, asan asusu ho, anaasɛ wɔde adwinnie adi dwuma de ayɛ atirimpɔ ahodoɔ.[35]

Carol Gilligan de mmabaawaa ne mmarima abrabɔ pa ho nkɔsoɔ totoo ho wɔ ne nsusueɛ a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna ne abrabɔ pa mu nkɔsoɔ ho no mu. Ɔkaa sɛ (1982, 1990) mmarima wɔ atɛntenenee adwene - a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to mmara a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ so de kyerɛkyerɛ papa ne bɔne mu. Nanso mmabaawa de, wɔn wɔ ɔhwɛ ne asɛdeɛ ho adwene, baabi a wosusu ankorankorɛ abusuabɔ ho berɛ a wɔrebu tebea bi atɛn no. Gilligan nso suaa nnyinasoɔ a ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna nya wɔ obu a obi wɔ ma ne ho so. Ɔkaeɛ sɛ ɔmanfoɔ a wɔne mmaa ne wɔn di nkitaho no ne deɛ enti a mmabaawa bu wɔn ho so te berɛ a wɔrenyin no. Mmabaawa bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan anya wɔn ankasa ahoɔden berɛ a wɔrekɔ mmerante berɛ ne mmabaawa berɛ mu efiri sɛ mmaa akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ kakraa bi na wɔwɔ na tumi dodoɔ no ara yɛ mmarima.[36]

Sɛdeɛ awofoɔ wɔ abɔfra nkɔsoɔ mu firi mfitiase no, deɛ wɔnya wɔ abɔfra a ɔne no bɛbɔ ntɛm no ho hia yiye, titiri wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa dwumadie ahodoɔ ho. Asetena mu nsɛm ho animdefoɔ akyerɛ akwan anan a awofoɔ fa so de ɔbarima ne ɔbaa dwumadie ahodoɔ di nkitaho wɔ wɔn mma mu: Wɔnam agorɔdie ne dwumadie ahodoɔ so hyehyɛ su ahodoɔ a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna ho, ɛsono sɛdeɛ wɔne mmɔfra di nkitaho a ɛgyina abɔfra no bɔbea su so, wɔsom sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna ho nhwɛso titiriw, ne ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam abusuabɔ ho adwene ne akwanhwɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde di nkitaho.[37]

Asetena mu nsɛm a ɛfa ɔbaa ne ɔbarima ho ɔbenfo R.W. Connell kyerɛ sɛ asetena mu nkitahodie ho nsusueɛ no "nyɛ deɛ ɛfata" sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna mu, efiri sɛ ɛfa no sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ a wɔpene so kɛse gye "wɔn a wɔtwe wɔn ho firi nnoɔma kakraa bi ho, berɛ a nokware no mmɔfra dodoɔ no ara te atua tia nhyɛsoɔ ahodoɔ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ mmarima ne mmaa a wɔtaa yɛ no ɛfiri sɛ ɛntumi nkyerɛkyerɛ "nkyerɛeɛ" a ɛbɔ abira a ɛfiri ayɔnkofa ananmusifoɔ ahodoɔ mu wɔ ɔman korɔ no ara mu, ɛfiri sɛ ɛnkyerɛ ntawantawadie a ɛda ankorankorɛ bi bɔbeasu (ne ne nyinaa) nipasu ahodoɔ ntam.[38]

Abusuakuo mu ayɔnkofa

sesa

Wɔakyerɛ mmusuakuo mu ayɔnkofa, anaa mmusuakuo-abusuakuo nkitahodie mu sɛ "nkɔsoɔ akwan a mmɔfra nam so nya mmusuakuo bi nneyɔeɛ, nsusueɛ, gyinapɛn ahodoɔ, ne suban, na wɔba abɛhunu wɔn ho ne afoforɔ sɛ kuo no mufoɔ.[39] Nhoma ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ deda no fa mmusuakuo mu fekubɔ ho adwene sɛ ɛwɔ afa ahodoɔ pii. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ ahunu nnoɔma num a ɛtaa pue wɔ mmusuakuo mu ayɔnkofa ho nwoma mu: amammerɛ mu ayɔnkofa, ahosiesie a wɔyɛ ma animhwɛ, ahotosoɔ a wɔnni a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran, pɛyɛ, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.[40] Amammerɛ mu nkitahodie, a ɛtɔ da bi a wɔfrɛ no "ahantan nkɔso", kyerɛ awofoyɛ nneyɔeɛ a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mmɔfra wɔn mmusuakuo abakɔsɛm anaa agyapadeɛ ho ade.[41] Ahosiesie a wɔyɛ ma animhwɛ kyerɛ awofoyɛ nneyɔeɛ a wɔde wɔn adwene si mmɔfra a wɔbɛsiesie wɔn ma wɔahunu nyini yɛ, na wɔagyina ano. Ahotoso a wonni a wɔbɛhyɛ ho nkuran kyerɛ awofoyɛ nneyɔeɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔne mmɔfra bɛbɔ fekuo ma wɔahwɛ yiye wɔ nnipa a wɔfiri mmusuakuo afoforɔ mu ho. "Egalitarianism" kyerɛ mmɔfra a wɔde wɔn ho bɛbɔ fekuo a wɔgye di sɛ nnipa nyinaa yɛ pɛ na ɛwɔ sɛ wɔdi nnipa nyinaa ni.[42] Wɔ United States no, wɔde aborɔfo bɔ fekuo ma wɔbu abusuakuo sɛ agorɔ a wɔmfa sika biara nni mu ne abibifoɔ ne aborɔfo mmienu.[43]

Nhyɛsoɔ a ɛwɔ asetena mu nkitahodie mu

sesa

Nhyɛsoɔ nkitahodie kyerɛ kwan a "ankorankorɛ nam so nya tumi ne amammuo nhyehyɛeɛ ho nteaseɛ, titiri berɛ a ɛma wonya adwene a ɛfa nipasu, tumi, ne kwan a wɔde toto ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna, kuo mufoɔ a wɔka mmusuakuo no ho, ne nna mu nsɛm.[44] Saa adeyɛ yi yɛ amammuo mu nkitahodie bi a ɛfa abusuabɔ a ɛda tumidie ne wɔn a wɔnni ahotɔ a wɔkɔ so di wɔn nhyɛsoɔ so denam "nhyɛso a ɛda adi pefee" wom so.[44]

Kasa mu nkitahodie

sesa

Kasa ho nimdefoɔ Elinor Ochs ne Bambi Schieffelin gyina nhwehwɛmu a wɔde toto ho wɔ aman ahodoɔ mu, na wɔde wɔn adwene si dwuma a kasa di wɔ mmɔfra nkɔsoɔ mu so ayɛ kasa mu ayɔnkofa ho nkyerɛkyerɛ.[45] Wohunu sɛ akwan a wɔfa so de amammerɛ ne nkitahodie di dwuma no nsi wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya kasa no akyi, na mmom mmɔfra bɔm nya kasa ne amammerɛ wɔ deɛ ɛte sɛ adeyɛ a wɔaka abɔ mu. Aman nyinaa mufoɔ de mmɔfra di nkitaho wɔ kasa a wɔde di dwuma ne deɛ wɔde di dwuma so nyinaa; sɛ wonya kasa bi mu ahokeka a, wɔde ɔkwan koro no ara so de deɛ ɔnnii mfeɛ aduonu no bɔ amammerɛ no mu akuo ne gyinapɛn ahodoɔ mu, berɛ a amammerɛ no nso de kasa a wɔde di dwuma ho gyinapɛn ahodoɔ ma.

Nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bɛdi nkitaho

sesa

Ayɔnkofa a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no ba berɛ a nnipa afoforɔ yɛ nnoɔma a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bɛkyerɛkyerɛ anaa wɔbɛtete afoforo no. Saa nkitahodie a ɛte saa bɛtumi afa akwan hodoɔ pii so na ɛbɛtumi aba berɛ biara firi mmɔfra ase mpo.[46]

Abɔdeɛ mu ayɔnkofa

sesa

Abɔdeɛ mu ayɔnkofa ba berɛ a nkwadaa ne wɔn a wɔayini kakra hwehwɛ, di agorɔ na wɔhunu wiase asetena a atwa wɔn ho ahyia no.[47] Ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobɛhunu abɔdeɛ mu nkitahodie berɛ a yɛhwɛ mmoa a wɔsusua biara (ne nnomaa bi) mma.[48] Ɔkwan foforɔ so no, ayɔnkofa a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no yɛ nnipa adeyɛ dodoɔ no ara; wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, nkurɔfoɔ ayɛ nhyehyɛeɛ de akyerɛkyerɛ anaa wɔde bɛtete afoforɔ.[49] Abɔdeɛ ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu ayɔnkofa nyinaa bɛtumi anya su pa ne su bɔne:[50] mfasoɔ wɔ so[ma hena?] sɛ wobɛsua abɔdeɛ ne nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ nyinaa mu nnoɔma a ɛyɛ papa sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔde bɛka asetena mu wɔ ɔkwan a nteaseɛ wɔm so.[51]

Amammuo mu ayɔnkofa  

sesa

Asetena mu ayɔnkofa ma ɔman biara sikasɛm, asetena, ne amammuo mu nkɔsoɔ ba. Sɛdeɛ abɔdeɛ ne nteteeɛ ntam apam no te nso na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔmanfoɔ yɛ anaa sɛ wɔnnyɛ.[52] Wɔka amammuo nsɛm mu ayɔnkofa ho asɛm sɛ "nkɔsoɔ kwan tenten a nkwadaaa (ɔpanyin mpo) ɔman ba nam so sua, fa ne ho na awieɛ koraa no ɔde amammuo amammerɛ (amammuo mu gyinapɛn atitiri, gyidie, gyinapɛn ne adwene) a ɛwɔ n'amammui nhyehyɛeɛ mu no hyɛ ne mu sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɔbɛma wayɛ amammuo mu kyɛfa a ɔwɔ nimdeɛ kɛseɛ na otu mpɔn.[53]

Wɔde ɔman bi amammuo amammerɛ dua ne manfoɔ mu na wɔde firi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ baako mu kɔ foforɔ mu sɛ amammuo mu ayɔnkofa nhyehyɛeɛ no fa. Enti nkitahodie ho ananmusifoɔ yɛ nnipa, ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ, anaa ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ sɛdeɛ nkurɔfoɔ bu wɔn ho, wɔyɛ wɔn ade, anaasɛ wɔwɔ akwankyerɛ afoforɔ so. Wɔ nnɛyi demokrasi aban mu, amammuo akuo ne tumi titiri a ɛhyɛ amammuo mu nkitahodie akyi.[54]

Asetena mu nkitahodie ma adwumayɛ, adwadie, ne amannɔne sika a wɔde hyɛ mu no nya nkɔsoɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa. Wɔma adansie mfididwuma yɛ mmerɛ, wɔma ɛtu mpɔn na wɔyɛ esiane sɛdeɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi de nkitahodie a ɛwɔ anigye nnwuma ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ adwuma mu abata ho nti.[54]

Ɛwɔ sɛ ɔman mma de abrabɔ pa, nnipa nneyɛɛ ho mfasoɔ, ne nneyɛɛ pa a eyɛ na ɛwɔ sɛ wɔkora nnipa hokwan ahodoɔ so anaasɛ wonya adwene a ɛfata na ama wɔatumi de ɔman bi akɔ nkɔsoɔ a ɛkorɔn mu ne ɔman a ɛfata na ɛyɛ demokrase ma ɔman-mpumtuo. Aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ bɛtumi de kuaeɛ mfididwuma ne mfidie te sɛ trakta, otwa mfidie, ne kuaeɛ mu nnuro akɔma obi foforɔ de ama sikasɛm mu kuaeɛ fa no anya nkɔsoɔ wɔ nkitahodie mu.[55]

Ayɔnkofa pa ne asetena

sesa

Ayɔnkofa pa ne asetena mu adesua a ɛgyina osuahunu ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ anigye na ɛsan yɛ ahomeka nso. Ankorankorɛ taa ani gye nnipa a wɔde nkannyan pa, ɔdɔ, ne ahokeka ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so hyɛ wɔn asetena mu adesua nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ ma no ho. Ayɔnkofa pa ba berɛ a wɔde akatua hyɛ nneyɔeɛ a wɔpɛ mu den, na ɛhyɛ onipa no nkuran sɛ ɔnkɔ so da nneyɔeɛ a ɛte saa ara adi daakye.

Asetena mu nkitahodie

sesa

Asetena mu nkitahodie a ennye ba berɛ a asetena mu nkitahodie adwumayɛfoɔ de asotwe, ɔkasatia a emu yɛ den, anaa abufuo di dwuma de bɔ mmɔden sɛ "wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ yɛn asuadeɛ"; na mpɛn pii no yɛba a yɛn ani nnye nkitahodie a enyɛ ne nnipa a wɔde hyɛ yɛn so no nyinaa ho. Ayɔnkofa a ɛyɛ papa ne deɛ enyɛ afrafra ahodoɔ nyinaa wɔ hɔ, na dodoɔ a yenya asetena mu adesua mu osuahunu pa no, dodoɔ no ara yɛntaa nya anigye —titiri ne sɛ yɛtumi sua nsɛm a mfasoɔ wɔ so a ɛboa yɛn ma yɛgyina asetena mu nsɛnnennen ano yiye a. Ayɔnkofa a enyɛ ne deɛ enyɛ a ɛkɔ soro bɛtumi ama obi ani nnye, na ɛde asetena ho nkate a enni nkoguo anaasɛ adwene naayɛ aba.

Asisifoɔ bɛtumi aya nkitahodie a enyɛ ho nhwɛsoɔ.[56]

Asetena mu nkitahodie a ɛboro so

sesa

Nhyehyɛeɛ ho haw anaa Hobbesian haw no gye asetena mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ no nnidisoɔ na ɛbisa sɛ ebia ɛbɛtumi aba sɛ wɔbɛsɔre atia anaa. Émile Durkheim buu ɔmanfo sɛ tumi a efiri akyiri a ɛnam asotwe ne mmara a wɔde ma so di ankorankorɛ so. Nanso, anohyeto ne asotwe nso sɔre wɔ wɔn mu sɛ ɛfɔbu anaa dadwen. Sɛ deɛ ɛne ne ho hyia sɛ deɛ ɛkyerɛ hia a ehia sɛ obi yɛ ne deɛ a, ɛnyɛ deɛ ɛkyerɛ sɛ nkitahodie nhyehyɛeɛ no yɛ amansan nyinaa de. Ebia ɔmanfoɔ nnya suban so nkɛntɛnsoɔ koraa, na mmom, wɔde abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma na ɛkyerɛ.[57] Suban ho nyansahunu a ɛwɔ afe ɔha a ɛtɔ so aduonu no fa a ɛtɔ so mmienu no mu no, na nnipa amammuo nneyɔeɛ ho nhwɛsoɔ mmienu a ɛsono emu biara, "homo economicus" ne amammerɛ mu tumidie, a wɔaka abom frɛ no asetena ho nyansahunu nhwɛsoɔ a ɛyɛ gyinapɛn no na edi so. Deɛ ɛbɛyɛ na wɔayɛ wei no, asetena mu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua ne adanennie adwene ho adesua ahodoɔ no nyaa nsusueɛ ahodoɔ te sɛ tumidie nhyehyɛeɛ, amammerɛ kuo a wɔpaw, ne agyapadeɛ ho nsusueɛ mmienu. Suban yɛ deɛ efiri nkitahodie a ɛyɛ den a ɛda abɔdeɛ ne nteteeɛ, anaa awosuo mu nkwaadɔm ne amammerɛ ntam mu ba. Wɔfrɛ awosu mu nneyɔeɛ a wɔde si awosuo mu a wɔbɔ ka adesua ho ka no sɛ nnipa a wɔne wɔn ho nni asɛm, berɛ a sɛ wɔde nneyɔeɛ to adesua so berɛ a efiri adannandie mu ba no, wɔfrɛ no nkitahodie a ɛboro so.[58]

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

sesa
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  4. ↑ John J. Macionis, John A. Hostetler (1981-07), "Amish Society, 3d ed.", Contemporary Sociology, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 521, doi:10.2307/2067702, ISSN 0094-3061, retrieved 2023-07-24 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ "Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-07-24
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  25. ↑ John J. Macionis, John A. Hostetler (1981-07), "Amish Society, 3d ed.", Contemporary Sociology, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 521, doi:10.2307/2067702, ISSN 0094-3061, retrieved 2023-07-24 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  46. ↑ Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira (2012-09), ""Rio +20: what we can learn from the process and what is missing"", Cadernos EBAPE.BR, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 492–507, doi:10.1590/s1679-39512012000300003, ISSN 1679-3951, retrieved 2023-07-25 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ↑ DR. (MRS.) LOUISA N. AMAECHI (2019-11-08), "Women Empowerment And Sustainable Development In Nigeria", The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 5711–5712, doi:10.18535/ijsshi/v6i11.04, ISSN 2349-2031, retrieved 2023-07-25
  48. ↑ Nigel G. Fielding (2023-02-20), "The socialization process", Joining Forces, London: Routledge, pp. 15–50, ISBN 978-1-003-36272-2, retrieved 2023-07-25
  49. ↑ Nigel G. Fielding (2023-02-20), "The socialization process", Joining Forces, London: Routledge, pp. 15–50, ISBN 978-1-003-36272-2, retrieved 2023-07-25
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  52. ↑ DR. (MRS.) LOUISA N. AMAECHI (2019-11-08), "Women Empowerment And Sustainable Development In Nigeria", The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 5711–5712, doi:10.18535/ijsshi/v6i11.04, ISSN 2349-2031, retrieved 2023-07-25
  53. ↑ Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba (2021-09-29), "Introduction: Colonialism and Challenges of Nation-Building in Nigeria", The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–11, ISBN 978-3-030-73874-7, retrieved 2023-07-25
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba (2021-09-29), "Introduction: Colonialism and Challenges of Nation-Building in Nigeria", The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–11, ISBN 978-3-030-73874-7, retrieved 2023-07-25
  55. ↑ Dr. (MRS.) Louisa N. Amaechi (2018-06-30), "Food Security and Sustainable Agricultural Development in Nigeria", International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 4765–4768, doi:10.18535/ijsshi/v5i6.01, ISSN 2349-2031, retrieved 2023-07-25
  56. ↑ Stuart Price (2010), Brute reality: power, discourse and the mediation of war (1. publ ed.), London: Pluto Press, ISBN 978-0-7453-2080-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  57. ↑ Dennis H. Wrong (1961-04), "The Oversocialized Conception of Man in Modern Sociology", American Sociological Review, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 183, doi:10.2307/2089854, ISSN 0003-1224, retrieved 2023-07-25 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ↑ Katsuhito Iwai, "What is corporation?", Legal Orderings and Economic Institutions, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 243–267, retrieved 2023-07-25
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