Wikipedia

Awo ano a wosiw

Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu

Nhwɛsoɔ:Infobox interventions Awo ano a wosiw, a wɔsan frɛ no contraception ne awo ho anohyeto, yɛ akwan anaa nnwinnade a wɔde siw nyinsɛn kwan.[1] Awo anosiw a wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe, wɔma ɛwɔ hɔ na wɔde di dwuma yɛ nea wɔfrɛ no abusua kɛse ho nhyehyɛe.[2][3] Wɔde akwan a wɔfa so siw awo ano adi dwuma fi tete, nanso akwan a wɔfa so yɛ no kwan pa so bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu mu.[4] Aman binom de anohyeto ma anaa wɔnnhyɛ awo anosiw ho nkuran esiane sɛ wɔte nka sɛ enye wɔ abrabɔ, ɔsom anaa amammui mu nti.[4]

Akwan a etu mpɔn a wɔfa so siw awo ano ne abawo tumi a wɔsɛe denam oprehyen wɔ mmarima mu ne awotwaa no fa bi a wɔkyekyere wɔ mmea mu,adwinnade a wɔde hyɛ awotwaa mu IUD, ne adwinnade a wɔde hyɛ nipaduam siw awo ano. Nea wɔyɛ wɔ eyi akyi yɛ akwan a wɔde nipaduam nnuru di dwuma a ebi ne topae a wɔnom, akwan, ɔbea ase kawa, ne mpaane. Akwan a entu mpɔn pii bi ne awode mu nsu a wosiw ano te sɛ kɔndɔm, diaphragm ahorow ne sapɔw ahorow a wɔde siw awo ano ne abawo ho nkyerɛkyerɛ. Akwan a entu mpɔn koraa bi ne aduru a ekum barima ho nsu ne awode a woyi fi ɔfoforo de mua barima no yɛ ansa nane ho aba. Ɛwom sɛ awo tumi a wɔsɛe tu mpɔn de nanso sɛ obi yɛ a, ɔrentumi nsan nkɔ dedaw mu bio; wɔ akwan ahorow a aka mu no, obi betumi asan akɔ ne dedaw mu ntɛm ara.[5] Nna mu bammɔ, te sɛ nea wɔde barima anaa mmea kɔndɔm di dwuma nso betumi asiw nna mu yare ano.[6][7] Awo a wosiw ano wɔ nna akyi betumi asiw awo ano nnafua kakra wɔ nna akyi.[8] Ebinom bu nna mu ayɔnkofa a wonnya sɛ ɔkwan a wɔde siw awo ano, nanso ɛno nkutoo ho nkyerɛkyerɛ betumi ama mperewa nyinsɛn akɔ soro bere a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɛno nkutoo a wɔmfa awo anosiw nnuru biara nnka ho no.[9][10]

Wɔ mmabun a wonnii mfe aduonu mu no, wɔn nyinsɛn nta mmfa nsunsuanso papa mma. Nna ho nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri ne awo anosiw ho nnuru a wɔde ma brɛ nyinsɛn a wɔmpɛ ase wɔ mmabun yi mu.[11][12] Ɛwom sɛ mmabun tumi de awo anosiw kwan biara adi dwuma de nanso[13]nea ɛbɛyɛ adwuma akyɛ a obi betumi asan akɔ dedaw mu te sɛ nea wɔde hyɛ nipaduam, IUD, anaa ɔbea ase kawa yɛ nea edi dwuma yiye de te mperewanyinsɛn so.[12] Bere a ɔbea awo akyi no, sɛ ɛnyɛ nufusu nkutoo na ɔde ma akokoaa no a, obetumi asan anyinsɛn wɔ nnawɔtwe anan kosi asia ntam. Awo anosiw akwan bi wɔ hɔ a wobetumi afi ase wɔ awo akyi pɛɛ, bere a afoforo de ebehia sɛ wɔtwentwɛn so kakra bɛyɛ bosome asia akyi. Wɔ mmea a wɔma nufusu fam no, progestin nkutoo akwan yɛ nea wɔpɛ sen atopae a wɔnom de siw awo ano. Wɔ mmea a wɔadu bra twa mu no, wɔhyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so asiw awo ano afe biako bere a wɔatwa bra no akyi.[13]

Mmea bɛyɛ ɔpepem ahanu aduonu abien a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔfa afuru a wɔwɔ aman a wonni bi yɛ nea wɔmfa akwan a aba so nsiw awo ano.[14][15] Awo anosiw wɔ aman a wonni bi mu abrɛ nkwa a wɔhwere wɔ awo mu anaa awo akyi bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyem aduanan(bɛyɛ nnipa mpem ahanu aduosɔn a anka wɔbɛhwere wɔn nkwa) na ebesiw ano ɔha mu nkyekyem aduosɔn sɛ wotumi de awo anosiw akwan no ma sɛnea ɛsɛ a.[16][17] Denam awo ntam a wɔma emu twe no, awo anosiw betumi ama mmea awo ayɛ nea ɔhaw nnim na ɛma wɔn mma nso tena nkwa mu.[16] Wɔ aman a wonni bi mu no, mmea akatua agyapade,wɔn mu duru, ne wɔn mma sukuukɔ ne wɔn akwanhosan nyinaa yɛ nea anya nkɔanim esiane awo anosiw a wɔyɛ nti.[18] Awo anosiw ma nkɔso wɔ sikasɛm mu esiane sɛ wonni mma pii a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn na mmea pii tumi de wɔn ho hyɛ nnwuma mu, na wɔde nneɛma di dwuma kwan pa so.[18][19]

Nsεm afoforo

sesa
  1. ↑ "Definition of Birth control". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  2. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. June 2012.
  3. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO). "Family planning". Health topics. World Health Organization (WHO).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hanson, S.J.; Burke, Anne E. (21 December 2010). "Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion". In Hurt, K. Joseph; Guile, Matthew W.; Bienstock, Jessica L.; Fox, Harold E.; Wallach, Edward E. (eds.). The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 382–395. ISBN 978-1-60547-433-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2011). Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. ISBN 978-0-9788563-7-3.
  6. ↑ Taliaferro, L. A.; Sieving, R.; Brady, S. S.; Bearinger, L. H. (2011). "We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will?". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 22 (3): 521–543, xii. PMID 22423463.
  7. ↑ Chin, H. B.; Sipe, T. A.; Elder, R.; Mercer, S. L.; Chattopadhyay, S. K.; Jacob, V.; Wethington, H. R.; Kirby, D.; Elliston, D. B. (2012). "The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42 (3): 272–294. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006. PMID 22341164. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  8. ↑ Gizzo, S; Fanelli, T; Di Gangi, S; Saccardi, C; Patrelli, TS; Zambon, A; Omar, A; D'Antona, D; Nardelli, GB (October 2012). "Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications". Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 28 (10): 758–63. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.662546. PMID 22390259.
  9. ↑ DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L (June 2002). "Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 324 (7351): 1426. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426. PMC 115855. PMID 12065267.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Duffy, K.; Lynch, D. A.; Santinelli, J. (2008). "Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 84 (6): 746–748. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.188. PMID 18923389.
  11. ↑ Black, A. Y.; Fleming, N. A.; Rome, E. S. (2012). "Pregnancy in adolescents". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 23 (1): 123–138, xi. PMID 22764559.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rowan, S. P.; Someshwar, J.; Murray, P. (2012). "Contraception for primary care providers". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 23 (1): 95–110, x–xi. PMID 22764557.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2011). Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. pp. 260–300. ISBN 978-0-9788563-7-3.
  14. ↑ "Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012" (pdf). United Nations Population Fund. June 2012. p. 1.
  15. ↑ Carr, B.; Gates, M. F.; Mitchell, A.; Shah, R. (2012). "Giving women the power to plan their families". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 80–82. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2. PMID 22784540. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cleland, J; Conde-Agudelo, A; Peterson, H; Ross, J; Tsui, A (Jul 14, 2012). "Contraception and health". Lancet. 380 (9837): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6. PMID 22784533.
  17. ↑ Ahmed, S.; Li, Q.; Liu, L.; Tsui, A. O. (2012). "Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 111–125. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4. PMID 22784531. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Canning, D.; Schultz, T. P. (2012). "The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 165–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7. PMID 22784535. Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  19. ↑ Van Braeckel, D.; Temmerman, M.; Roelens, K.; Degomme, O. (2012). "Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 84–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7. PMID 22784542. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2017-05-23.

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