Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan (Right to housing)
| subclass of | anti-homelessness legislation  |
|---|---|
| has effect | March for Housing |
Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan (ɛtɔ mmere bi a hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ obenya dabere ) yɛ sikasɛm, asetra ne amammerɛ mu hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya adan ne dabere a ɛfata (housing and shelter). Wogye tom wɔ aman mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow bi mu (national constitutions) ne Amansan Mpaemuka a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ Ho (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) ne Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan Ho no mu (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Wobu hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔwɔ dan sɛ hokwan a ɛde ne ho wɔ Amanaman Ntam nnipa hokwan ho mmara mu a na ɛda adi pefee wɔ 1991 General Comment on Dequate Housing a UN Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan So de mae no mu. Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔnya dan wɔ ICESCR ase no fa bi ne: nnwuma, nnwuma, nneɛma ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ; mmara kwan so ahobammɔ a ɛwɔ bere a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma no mu; sɛnea wobetumi atra hɔ; sɛnea wobetumi akɔ hɔ; sika a wobetumi atɔ ; beae a ɛwɔ ne amammerɛ a ɛfata.[1]
UN Nnipa Atenaeɛ Dwumadie a ɛhyɛ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔnya dan ho nkuran a ɛne Office of the High Commissioner for Human Right yɛ adwuma bom no yɛ 1996 Istanbul apam ne Habitat Agenda no a wɔsan si so dua. Wonim no sɛ UN-HABITAT, a wɔde ahyɛ wɔn nsa sɛ ɛnnam nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so ne ɔsatu ahorow a wɔde ma nkurɔfo hu adan ho hokwan ahorow so.
South Africa amansan mmara no nkyekyɛmu aduonu nsia (26), ti a ɛtɔ so mmienu (2) no de si hɔ sɛ ''obiara wɔ hokwan sɛ ɔnya adan a ɛfata'' na ɛyɛ Department of Human Settlement adwuma sɛ wɔde saa ahyɛdeɛ yi bedi dwuma. Wɔ United States no, aman dodow no ara mma hokwan sɛ wonya dabere gye Massachusetts a mmusua a wɔyɛ pɛ wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya dabere no. Nigeria amansan mmara a ɛbaa afe 1999 mu no gyee hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya dan toom pɔtee wɔ ɔfa aduanan mmiɛnsa (43) a ɛka sɛ: ''Nigeria ɔman ba biara wɔ hokwan sɛ onya na ɔwɔ agyapade a entumi nkɔ baabiara wɔ Nigeria'' .
Nkyerɛaseɛ (Definition)
sesa
Wɔagye hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan tom wɔ amanaman ntam nnipa hokwan ho nkrataa dodow bi mu . Amansan Mpaemuka a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ Ho no Ahyɛde 25 gye hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan tom sɛ hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya asetra a ɛfata no fa.
Ɛka sɛ;
Amanaman Ntam Apam a Ɛfa Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan Ho (ICESCR) no Ahyɛde a ɛtɔ so dubaako (11) - (1) nso ma hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan sɛ hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya asetra pa no fa.
Wɔ amanaman ntam nnipa hokwan ho mmara (international human rights law) mu no, wobu hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan sɛ hokwan a ɔde ne ho. Wɔmaa eyi mu daa hɔ wɔ afe 1991 General Comment no 4 a ɛfa Adan a Ɛfata ho a Amanaman Nkabom Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan So de mae no mu (UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Nsɛm a wɔkae wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so no de hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan wɔ mmara kwan so wɔ amanaman ntam mmara ase no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a tumi wom ma.
Yogyakarta Nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa amanaman ntam nnipa hokwan ho mmara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nna ho akɔnnɔ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho (sexual orientation and gender identity) no si so dua sɛ:[2]
Obiara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔnya adan a ɛfata, a ahobanbɔ ka ho firi tuo a wɔtu no firi hɔ, a nyiyim biara nni ho na sɛ Aman no a) bɛyɛ mmara, adwumayɛ ne nneɛma foforɔ a ɛhia nyinaa de ahwɛ ahu sɛ ɔbɛnya adan a ne boɔ yɛ den, atumi atra mu, atumi akɔ hɔ, a ɛfata amammerɛ na ahotɔ wɔ mu, ɛnyɛ dabere ne dabere afoforo a egye ntɛmpɛ nka ho, a nyiyim biara nni ho a egyina nna ho akɔnnɔ, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna anaa honam fam anaa abusua tebea so; bɔ wɔbɛyɛ mmara, adwumayɛ ne nneɛma foforɔ a ɛhia nyinaa de bara sɛ wɔbɛtu nnipa a wɔtu wɔn afiri wɔn afie mu a ɛnne wɔn amanaman ntam nnipa hokwan ho asɛdeɛ nhyia, na wɔahwɛ sɛ mmara kwan so ano aduru a ɛfata na ɛtu mpɔn anaa akwan foforɔ a ɛfata wɔ hɔ ma obiara a ɔka sɛ ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔabu ahobammɔ a wɔde ma wɔ nkurɔfo a wɔhyɛ wɔn ma wotu fi wɔn fie ho no so anaasɛ wɔrehunahuna mu sɛ wobebu so, a hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔsan kɔtra hɔ, a nea ɛka ho ne hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya asase foforo a ɛyɛ papa anaa ɛyɛ pɛ ne adan a ɛfata, a nyiyim biara nni ho.
Wɔakyerɛw hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan nso wɔ Apam a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa a Wɔadi M dɛm Ho no Ahyɛde aduonu nson (28), Europa Asetra mu Mmara no Ahyɛde du nsia (16) (Europa Asetra mu Mmara a Wɔayɛ no Foforo no Ahyɛde aduasa baako (31) ne Afrika Mmara a Ɛfa Hokwan a Nnipa ne Nnipa Wɔ Ho no mu. Sɛnea Amanaman Nkabom Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm, Asetra ne Amammerɛ Hokwan So kyerɛ no, hokwan ahorow a ɛwɔ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan wɔ ICESCR ase no afa horow bi ne: mmara kwan so ahobammɔ a ɛwɔ bere a obi benya dan mu; nnwuma, nneɛma, nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma ne nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ; sika a wobetumi atɔ; sɛnea wobetumi atra hɔ; sɛnea wobetumi akɔ hɔ; beae a ɛwɔ ne amammerɛ a ɛfata.[1] Sɛ amammui botae no, wɔbɔɔ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ onya dan ho amanneɛ wɔ F. D. Roosevelt kasa a ɔmae wɔ 1944 mu a ɛfa Hokwan Ho Mmara a Ɛto so Abien no ho no mu.
Beae a menyaa mmoa fii
sesa- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The right to adequate housing (Art.11 (1)). CESCR General comment 4 – see para. 8
- ↑ The Yogyakarta Principles, Principle 15. The Right to Adequate Housing