Wikipedia

Kube

Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu
Kube
taxon
subclass ofuseful plant Sesa
short nameC. nucifera Sesa
taxon nameCocos nucifera Sesa
taxon rankspecies Sesa
parent taxonCocos Sesa
has fruit typedrupe Sesa
seed dispersalnautochory Sesa
start time55 million years BCE Sesa
maintained by WikiProjectWikiProject Invasion Biology Sesa
hardiness of plant10 Sesa
taxon rangeFujian, Tibet Autonomous Region, Guangdong Sesa
NZTCS conservation statusvagrant Sesa
taxon author citationL. Sesa
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11043 Sesa
Flora of the Hawaiian Islands URLhttps://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/hawaiianflora/speciesdescr.cfm?genus=Cocos&species=nucifera Sesa

Kube dua (cocos nucifera) ka nnua abusuakuo no ho. Kube betumi agyina hɔ ama kube aduane, kube dua anaa aduaba no ankasaa. Ɛyɛ mmɛ dua abusua ( Arecaceae ) no muni na ɛno nkutoo ne Cocos abusua no mu de.[1][2]

Edin no fi Portugal asɛmfua dedaw coco, a ɛkyerɛ "ti" anaa "ti konkuro", a wɔde nkyerɛwde abiɛsa a ɛwɔ kube no so a ɛte sɛ anim tebea no akyi. Wɔwɔ baabiara wɔ mpoano mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse na wɔyɛ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no amammerɛ mu agyiraehyɛde.

Kube dua no ma wonya aduan, pɛtro, ahosiesie, amanne nnuru ne adansi nneɛma, ne nneɛma afoforo pii a wɔde di dwuma. Aba a ɛho akokwaw no mu duane, ne kube nufusu a woyi fi mu no yɛ nnipa pii a wɔwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse daa no aduan fa.[1] Kube yɛ soronko wɔ nnuaba afoforo ho efisɛ wɔn endosperm no kura nsu a emu da hɔ pii, a wɔfrɛ no " kube nsu ". Wobetumi de kube a ɛho akokwaw anaa adwane, a abere, ayɛ aba a wotumi di, anaasɛ wɔayɛ ho adwuma de ayɛ ngo ne afifide nufusu a efi dua mu, fango a efi abon (ne honam) a ɛyɛ den no mu, ne coir a efi nhama a ɛyɛ den no mu . Wɔfrɛ kube adwane, a ayow no copra, na wɔtaa de ngo ne nufusu a wonya fi mu no di dwuma wɔ aduannoa mu – adenhyewee titiriw – ne saa ara nso na wɔ samina ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie mu.[1] Wotumi de kube mu nsu a ɛyɛ dɛ yɛ anonne anaasɛ wɔde ahyɛ mu ma ayɛ no mmɛw bobesa anaa kube vinegar . Wobetumi de akorade a ɛyɛ den, nhama a ɛyɛ nhama ne nhaban atenten a ɛyɛ pinnate no ayɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ahorow a wɔde siesie dan mu ne nneɛma a wɔde siesie fie.[1]

Amammerɛ ne Nyamesom mu ntease

sesa

Kube wɔ amammerɛ ne nyamesom mu ntease wɔ aman bi mu, titiriw wɔ Austronesiafo amammerɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ Pacific Atɔe fam a ɛda adi wɔ wɔn anansesɛm, nnwom, ne atetesɛm a wɔde ano ka mu no mu.[3][4] N’aba a ɛho akokwaw a ɛhwe ase no ama wɔde kube ayɛ owu ho senkyerɛne.[5][6] Na ɛho hia wɔ amanne kwan so nso wɔ nyamesom ahorow a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na atubrafo reba no mu.[5] Anya nyamesom mu ntease nso wɔ Asia Anafo Fam amammerɛ ahorow mu, baabi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Hindusom amanne ahorow mu no. Ɛno na edi akoten wɔ ayeforohyia ne ɔsom amanne ahorow nnyinaso wɔ Hindusom mu. Ɛsan nso di dwuma titiriw wɔ Kube Nyamesom a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1963 mu wɔ Vietnam no mu.[7][8]

Ne fibea

sesa

Austronesiafo a wɔwɔ Asia Anafo Fam Apuei Supɔw so no na wodii kan yɛɛ kube efie aduane na ɛtrɛwee wɔ Abo Foforo Mmere no mu denam wɔn po so atutra a ɛkɔɔ so koduu apuei fam akyirikyiri koduu Pacific Nsupɔw no so, ne atɔe fam akyirikyiri koduu Madagascar ne Comoros so.[9][10] Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ po so akwantu tenten a Austronesiafo tuu no mu denam aduan ne nsu a na wotumi nya fi mu, ne adansi nneɛma a Austronesiafo no de yɛ ahyɛmma a wɔde fa nsu mu no so. Akyiri yi nso , Asia Anafo Famfo, Arabfo, ne Europafo hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo trɛw kube mu wɔ abakɔsɛm mmere mu wɔ India ne Atlantic Po no mpoano. Wogyina nnianim nsɛm a ɛsono emu biara yi so a, wobetumi akɔ so akyekyɛ kube dodow mu ayɛ no Pacific kube ne Indo-Atlantic kube, sɛnea ɛmu biara te. Europafo na wɔde kube baa Amerika wɔ atubrafo bere no mu wɔ Columbiafo nsakrae mu, nanso adanse wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia Austronesiafo hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo de Pacific kube baa Panama ansa na Columbia de no reba. Wogye akyinnye wɔ beaɛ a na mfiase no na kube wɔ mu ho, na nsusuwii ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ebia ɛbae wɔ Asia, Amerika Anafo Fam, anaa Pacific nsupɔw so.[9]

Ne nnua nyin yɛ tenten bɛyɛ 30 metres (100 feet) na etumi sow aba 75 afe biara, ɛwom sɛ nea ennu 30 na ɛtaa ba de. Afifideyi ntumi nnyina awɔw ano na wɔpɛ osu pii ne owia hann a edi mũ. Nkoekoemmoa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae ne nyarewa pii ka mmoa ahorow no na ɛyɛ ɔhaw ma aguadi mu nneɛma. Wiase nyinaa kube a wɔde ma no mu bɛyɛ 75% yɛ nea Indonesia, Philippines ne India na ɛdeba.

Nkyerɛmu

sesa
 
Kube dua ahaban

Cocos nucifera yɛ nnua kɛse, ne tenten yɛ 30 metres (100 feet), ne nhaban yɛ pinnate 4–6 m (13–20 ft) tenten, na pinnae 60–90 centimetres (2–3 ft) tenten; nhaban dedaw no mu paapae yiye, na ɛma dua no ho yɛ toro. Wɔ asase a ɛsow aba so no, kube dua tenten bi tumi sow aba bɛyɛ 75 afe biara, nanso mpɛn pii no, ɛsow aba nnu 30.[11] Sɛ wɔhwɛ kube dua yiye na enyin a, ɛsow aba a edi kan wɔ mfe asia kosi du mu, na egye mfe 15 kosi 20 ansa na adu bea ɛpem a enso aba bio.[12][13]

Aduaba

sesa
 
Kube aduaba a wɔapae mu
 
Kube aduaba fofor

Wɔ afifide mu no, kube aba no yɛ drupe, ɛnyɛ nnuaba ankasa. Te sɛ nnuaba afoforo no, ɛwɔ ntoatoaso abiɛsa : exocarp, mesocarp, ne endocarp . Exocarp yɛ akyi were a ɛhyerɛn, na mpɛn pii no ne kɔla yɛ kɔkɔɔ-ahabammono kosi kɔkɔɔ-biribiri. Mesocarp no yɛ nhama bi, a wɔfrɛ no coir, a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ne aguadi mu pii. Exocarp ne mesocarp nyinaa na ɛyɛ kube no "husk", bere a endocarp no yɛ kube "akorade" a ɛyɛ den no. Endocarp a atwa ho ahyia no kɛse yɛ 4mm(1/8 inch) na ɛwɔ ntini abiɛsa a ɛda nsow a ɛfifi ( micropyles ) wɔ akyirikyiri no ho. Wɔato ntini no mu abien ("aniwa" no), bere a biako yɛ adwuma.[14]

 
Kube dua a aduane pii wɔ so

Endocarp no mu yɛ tokuru na wɔde aba a ɛyɛ braɔn a ɛyɛ tratraa atwa ho ahyia na ne mu du yɛ o.2mm (1/64 inch). Mfiase no, ɛyɛ a endosperm nsu a ɛwɔ nuklea pii (kube nsu) hyɛ endocarp no ma. Bere rekɔ so no, nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ endosperm no gu endocarp no afasu ho kosi, efi ase wɔ akyirikyiri kɔ ne ho na ne mu duro yɛ 11mm (3/8 inch). Awiei koraa no wɔyɛ endosperm a ɛyɛ den a wotumi di ("kube nam" anaa "kube aduane") a bere kɔ so no ɛyɛ den. Wɔde awotwaa ketewa a ɛte sɛ kurukuruwa no ahyɛ endosperm a ɛyɛ den no mu wɔ endosperm no mu ntini a ɛyɛ adwuma no ase pɛɛ. Bere a awotwaa no refifi no, epiapia fi ntini a ɛyɛ adwuma no mu na ɛyɛ haustorium (kube a efifi) wɔ mfinimfini bun no mu. Haustorium no twetwe endosperm a ɛyɛ den no de ma nnuadewa no aduan.[15][16]

Kube nnuaba wɔ akwan soronko abien a egyina kwan a wɔyɛ ho dwuma so. Wuram nkube wɔ aduaba a ɛyɛ tenten a ɛyɛ ahinanan a ne ho yɛ den na endosperm kakraa bi na ɛwɔ mu. Eyinom ma nnuaba no tumi yɛ kɛse na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw ma wɔn sɛ wɔbɛnyin wɔ mpoano anhwea so, na ɛma wɔn bɔbea yɛ nea eye ma po mu apete.[17]

Nanso Pacific kube a wɔyɛn wɔn wɔ fie no de, ne nsɛso yɛ kurukuruwa a ne ho yɛ tratraa na endosperm pii wɔ mu. Kube a wɔyɛ no fie nso wɔ kube nsu pii.[18][19] Wɔde Samoafo nsɛmfua niu kafa a wɔde gyina hɔ ma wuram kube atenten, ne niu vai a wɔde gyina hɔ ma Pacific kube a wɔyɛ kurukuruwa no na ɛkyerɛ saa ahorow abien yi.[18][19]

Kube aba a ne kɛse yɛ pɛ mu duru bɛyɛ 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds 1 ounce).[20] Mpɛn pii no, wɔmbɔ kube a wɔtɔn wɔ ɔman a wɔdua kube mu no ho nhoma no. Titiriw no, wɔtɔn kube a ennyinii (asram 6 kosi 8 fi nhwiren) de gye kube nsu ne kube nam a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛte sɛ jelly (a wonim no sɛ "kube a ɛyɛ ahabammono", "kube nkumaa", anaa "nsu kube"), baabi a mfitiase kɔla a ɛwɔ nnuaba no mu yɛ nea ɛyɛ fɛ kɛse wɔ afɛfɛde mu.[20]

Nanso, wɔtaa yi kube a ɛho anyin (asram 11 kosi 13 fi nhwiren) a wɔtɔn de kɔ amannɔne no ho fi hɔ na ama ne mu duru ne ne dodow so atew. Eyi de kube "akorade" a ɛda adagyaw a ɛwɔ ntini abiɛsa a wonim no yiye wɔ aman a wondua kube wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no ba. Mpɛn pii no, kube a wɔayiyi no mu duru bɛyɛ 750 to 850 grams (1 lb 10 oz to 1 lb 14 oz). Kube a wɔayi ho no nso yɛ mmerɛw ma adetɔfo sɛ wobebue ano, nanso ɛwɔ bere tiaa a wɔde sie wɔ otwa akyi bɛyɛ adapɛn abien kosi abiɛsa wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F) mu anaasɛ ɛkɔ asram 2 wɔ 0 to 1.5 °C (32.0 to 34.7 °F) . Sɛ yɛde toto ho a, wobetumi de kube a ɛho nhoma wɔ ho a ne ho nsɛee no asie asram abiɛsa kosi anum wɔ dan mu hyew a ɛfata mu.[21][22]

Ntini

sesa

Kube dua ɛnte sɛ afifide afoforo bi nom, enni mfinimfini ntini titiriw bi a, ntini nketewa a ɛwɔ akyi a wɔfrɛ no ntini nhwi abata ho, na mmom ɛwɔ ntini a ɛyɛ nhamahama. Ntini nhyehyɛe no yɛ ntini a ɛyɛ tratraa pii a enyin kɔ abɔnten fi afifide a ɛbɛn afifide no ani. Ntini no mu kakraa bi pɛ na ɛhyɛn asase no mu tɔnn na ama agyina pintinn. Wonim saa ntini nhyehyɛe yi sɛ nhama anaasɛ adventitious, na ɛyɛ sare nwura ahorow su.[23][24] Wɔsesa ntini a aporɔw anaa awuo no daa fisɛ dua no ma foforo bere biara aber a ɛrokɔ so nyin no.[25]

Nhwiren

sesa
 
Kube nhwiren

Nnua no sow nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbea ne ɔbarima nyinaa wɔ nhwiren koro no ara so; ɛno enti, kube yɛ monoecious dua no fa. Nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbea no sõ sen nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbarima no koraa. Nhwiren ba bere nyinaa. Wogye di sɛ kube nnua no mu dodow no ara yɛ cross- pollinated, ɛwom sɛ kube ntiatia ahorow dodow no ara yɛ wɔn ankasa de de.

Ne Trɛw ne Beaɛ a wowɔ

sesa

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ kube trɛw kɔ aman horow so esiane nnipa a wɔyɛ ho adwuma mmeɛ wotete na wɔsan de bi agua ahorow so nti.[26] Nanso, beaɛ a wotaa hu yɛ Central Indo-Pacific, wɔ Maritime Southeast Asia ne Melanesia mantam mu.

Wɔ Dwom mu

sesa

Da Coconut Nut (Ndwom a ɔfa kube ho) ma "kube no nyɛ nut" yɛ nea enwu da.[27] Filipino Ɔman Dwomtofo Ryan Cayabyab na ɔhyehyɛɛ dwom no, maa nnwontofo kuw Smokey Mountain wɔ 1991. Dwom no mu nsɛm ka sɛnea wɔde kube dua afa horow di dwuma ho asɛm.[28]

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii

sesa
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Coconut | Description, Uses, & Facts | Britannica (in English), 2024-01-04, retrieved 2024-02-20
  2. ↑ PMC PubMed (2015-08-18), "Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A hytochemical and pharmacological review", Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 953–964, ISSN 0100-879X, PMC 4671521, PMID 26292222, retrieved 2024-02-20
  3. ↑ "Why coconut is a must in religious rituals?", The Times of India, ISSN 0971-8257, retrieved 2024-02-20
  4. ↑ https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/articles/coconut-18-3.pdf
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nayar, N Madhavan (2017). The Coconut: Phylogeny, Origins, and Spread. Academic Press. pp. 10–21. ISBN 978-0-12-809778-6.
  6. ↑ Michaels, Axel. (2006) [2004]. Hinduism : past and present. Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-2776-9. OCLC 398164072.
  7. ↑ Anurag Korde (2024-01-26), The coconut religion of Vietnam (in English), archived from the original on 2024-02-21, retrieved 2024-02-21
  8. ↑ The Coconut Monk’s Adventure Between Religion And Politics (in English), 2021-08-30, retrieved 2024-02-21
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Diana Lutz (2011-06-24), Deep history of coconuts decoded - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis (in American English), retrieved 2024-02-21
  10. ↑ Opinion | The coconut and the curious origins of its name in English (in English), 2021-09-02, retrieved 2024-02-21
  11. ↑ Grimwood, p. 18.
  12. ↑ Sasha Degnan (2013-08-20), How Long Does It Take for a Coconut Tree to Get Coconuts? (in English), archived from the original on 2024-02-21, retrieved 2024-02-21
  13. ↑ Coconut - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, retrieved 2024-02-21
  14. ↑ ResearchGate, Parts of the coconut fruit
  15. ↑ Sugimuma, Yukio; Murakami, Taka (1990). "Structure and Function of the Haustorim in Germinating Coconut Palm Seed" (PDF). JARQ. 24: 1–14.
  16. ↑ Arivalagan Manivannan, Rakesh Bhardwaj, Sugatha Padmanabhan, Poonam Suneja, K. B. Hebbar, Santosh R. Kanade (2018-01-01), "Biochemical and nutritional characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium", Food Chemistry, 11th IFDC special issue 'Food composition and public health nutrition, vol. 238, pp. 153–159, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.127, ISSN 0308-8146, retrieved 2024-02-21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Everything You Need To Know About Coconuts | Exotic Gourmand (in American English), 2023-03-14, retrieved 2024-02-21
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lebrun, P.; Seguin, M.; Grivet, L.; Baudouin, L. (1998). "Genetic diversity in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers". Euphytica. 101: 103–108. doi:10.1023/a:1018323721803. S2CID 19445166.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Shukla, A.; Mehrotra, R. C.; Guleria, J. S. (2012). "Cocos sahnii Kaul: A Cocos nucifera L.-like fruit from the Early Eocene rainforest of Rajasthan, western India". Journal of Biosciences. 37 (4): 769–776. doi:10.1007/s12038-012-9233-3. PMID 22922201. S2CID 14229182.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 admin (2021-06-09), Coconut Fruit (in American English), retrieved 2024-02-21
  21. ↑ Paull, Robert E.; Ketsa, Saichol (March 2015). Coconut: Postharvest Quality-Maintenance Guidelines (PDF). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  22. ↑ Coconut: Postharvest Care and Market Preparation (PDF). Technical Bulletin No. 27. Ministry of Fisheries, Crops and Livestock, New Guyana Marketing Corporation, National Agricultural Research Institute. May 2004.
  23. ↑ 2.1: Types of root systems (in English), 2021-06-03, retrieved 2024-03-05
  24. ↑ Kajol (2022-02-08), Coconut Tree Root System - BiologyEye (in American English), archived from the original on 2023-09-24, retrieved 2024-03-05
  25. ↑ Fernanda Caro Beveridge, Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian, Chongxi Yang, Steve W. Adkins (2022-11-29), Fruit Biology of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), p. 3293, retrieved 2024-03-07{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ Diana Lutz (2011-06-24), Deep history of coconuts decoded - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis (in American English), retrieved 2024-03-07
  27. ↑ Smokey Mountain | Da Coconut Nut | Official Lyric Video (in English), retrieved 2024-03-07
  28. ↑ U.S.-based choir performs Ryan Cayabyab's 'Da Coconut Nut' onboard plane, 2021-05-25, archived from the original on 2021-05-25, retrieved 2024-03-07
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