Luxmanda

archaeological site, Neolithic settlement, ancient DNA
Ɔman	Tanzania
located in the administrative territorial entity	Babati District
coordinate location	4°15′24″S 35°18′38″E
time of discovery or invention	2012

Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu

Luxmanda yɛ beae a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu a ɛwɔ Babati Mantam a ɛwɔ Tanzania atifi fam mfinimfini . Wohuu no wɔ afe 2012 mu. Tutuo a wɔatu wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no ama wɔahu sɛ ɛyɛ beaeɛ a ɛso sen biara na ɛwɔ anafoɔ fam paa wɔ Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN) mu,^[1] a ɛyɛ mmoayɛn amammerɛ a wɔgye tom wɔ fam tutu mu a ɛwɔ Afrika apueeɛ fam wɔ berɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no Pastoral Neolithic (bɛyɛ 5000– 1200 BP).^[1] Radiocarbon a ɛkyerɛ bere a fango, nnipa collagen, ne nneɛma a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ dɔte nneɛma mu no kyerɛ sɛ na nnipa te Luxmanda mfe 3,200 kosi 2,900 a atwam ni.^[1] Wɔanya dɔte (a ɛyɛ Narosura su), abo a wɔde ayɛ, nnompe a wɔayɛ adwuma, asonse, ne ostrich nkesua a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛka mmoa ne nnipa nnompe ho afi Luxmanda beae no.^[2] Na Luxmandafo yɛ mmoahwɛfo a wɔn ho akokwaw kɛse, na na wɔde wɔn ho to anantwi, nguan, mpapo, ne mfurum so de di wɔn asetrade.^[1] Wonnim wɔn kasa mu abusuabɔ, nanso abakɔsɛm mu kasa ho abenfo binom asusuw sɛ na nnipa a wɔwɔ SPN no ka Kushi kasa ahorow. Pastoral Neolithic no akyi no Pastoral Iron Age ne Bantufo Ntrɛwmu.^[3]

Tete DNA nhwehwɛmu

Admixture clustering analysis a wɔyɛe wɔ nkokoaa nnompe a wadi mfe 3,100 a wotutuu wɔ Luxmanda no hui sɛ onipa no kura ne nananom bɛyɛ 38±1% a ɛfa Pre-Pottery Neolithic amammerɛ a ɛwɔ Levant ho.^[4] Awosu mu nsɛm foforo a efi Luxmanda kyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ saa abusuabɔ yi fi akuafo a wofi Levant ansa na wɔreyɛ nkuku no asefo a wotu kɔɔ Afrika, anaasɛ abusua a wɔtaa fi nananom a wɔnyɛ Afrikafo a wɔtraa Afrika anaa Apuei Fam a Ɛbɛn mfirihyia mpempem pii a atwam no mu. Mmarima no nyinaa yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu sɛ Y chromosomal DNA a E1b1b subclades ayɛ akuwakuw, a abien maa A1b subclades a ɛyɛ ambivalent bae esiane collagen a ɛnnɔɔso nti.[1]

Na Afrika fa a ɛwɔ Luxmanda ankorankoro abusua mu no fata sɛ ɛne abɔmmɔfo-aboaboafo dodow bi a wɔte Ethiopia ca. 4,500 BP (wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔde afrafra tebea ase, a wɔsusu sɛ nananom dodoɔ yɛ 62.2–62.8% ma hunter-gather fa no ne 37.2-37.8% ma Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fa no) anaasɛ ɛfiri nnipa dodoɔ bi a wɔne Dinka wɔ abusuabɔ nso ( wɔ nnipa mmiɛnsa afrafra tebea ase, a wɔsusu sɛ nananom dodoɔ yɛ 39% ± 1% nananom a ɛfa Levantine ho).^[4] Bio nso, haplogroup nhwehwɛmu kyerɛe sɛ Luxmanda nhwɛsode no kura haplogroup L2a1 (mtDNA). Na nyansahufo adi kan akyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nananom a wɔne Eurasia Atɔe Fam wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ Afrika apuei fam a mprempren abu so wɔ ɔmantam no mu no baa bɛyɛ afe 3000 BP. Awosu mu nsɛm foforo no kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛɛ Savanna Pastoral Neolithic no na ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wɔtrɛw tete nananom a ɛfa Levant ho no mu wɔ ɔtare mantam no mu, faako a na wɔasisi atrae foforo no. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Luxmanda ankorankoro no dodow nso na ɛde mmoayɛn baa Afrika kesee fam, efisɛ wohui sɛ ankorankoro bi a wadi mfe 1,200 a ɔyɛ mmoahwɛfo a ofi Western Cape no ne Luxmanda nhwɛsode no wɔ abusuabɔ.^[4]

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018). "Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Field Archaeology. 43 (2): 102–120. doi:10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476. S2CID 135287460.
↑ Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo (2017). "Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 11: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0528-z. S2CID 134057537.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Alison Crowther, Mary E. Prendergast, Dorian Q. Fuller, Nicole Boivin (2017). "Subsistence mosaics, forager-farmer interactions, and the transition to food production in eastern Africa". Quaternary International. xxx: 5. Bibcode:2018QuInt.489..101C. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049. PMC 5679310. PMID 28938123.

Ɔman Abakɔsɛm Mmeae a Ɛwɔ Tanzania (National Historic Sites of Tanzania)
Arusha Mantam	Olduvai Gorge Laetoli Engaruka Nasera Rockshelter Mumba Cave Peninj
Dar es Salaam Mantam	Kunduchi Ruins
Dodoma Mantam	Kondoa Bahi Rock-Art Sites
Iringa Mantam	Isimila Stone Age Site Kalenga Mlambalasi
Kagera Mantam	KM2 and KM3 sites Katuruka Nyabusora Katuruka Bweranyange
Kigoma Mantam	Ujiji Uvinza Salt Works
Kilimanjaro Mantam	Marangu Defences
Lindi Mantam	Kilwa Kisiwani Kivinje Songo Mnara Sanje ya Kati Lindi Historic Town
Manyara Mantam	Luxmanda
Mtwara Mantam	Mikindani Historic Town
Pwani Mantam	Bagamoyo Kaole Ruins Chole Island Ruins Kisimani Mafia
Rukwa Mantam	Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site
Tabora Mantam	Livingstone's Tembe
Tanga Mantam	Tongoni Ruins Toten Island Pangani Vugha Yambe Island
Zanzibar Atifi Mantam	Tumbatu
Zanzibar Atɔe Mantam	Stonetown
Zanzibar Anaafo Mantam	Unguja Ukuu Kuumbi Cave
Pemba Atifi Mantam	Chwaka Tumbe Mkia wa Ng'ombe Msuka Mjini Mduuni Kichokochwe Ruins
Pemba Anaafo Mantam	Mkama Ndume Pujini Ruins Chambani Ras Mkumbuu Ruins Shamiani

[:02-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018). "Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Field Archaeology. 43 (2): 102–120. doi:10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476. S2CID 135287460.

[Langlely20172-2] Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo (2017). "Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 11: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0528-z. S2CID 134057537.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Crowther2-3] Alison Crowther, Mary E. Prendergast, Dorian Q. Fuller, Nicole Boivin (2017). "Subsistence mosaics, forager-farmer interactions, and the transition to food production in eastern Africa". Quaternary International. xxx: 5. Bibcode:2018QuInt.489..101C. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Skoglund20172-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049. PMC 5679310. PMID 28938123.

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