Nkwammoa nkwa nna

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu

Life cycle of a mosquito. An adult female mosquito lays eggs which develop through several stages to adulthood. Reproduction completes and perpetuates the cycle.

Wɔ adesua a ɛfa abɔdeɛ ho no, kwan a nipa fa so nnyini yɛ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ nsesaeɛ a abɔdeɛ fa mu, sɛ yɛrekɔ ahyeaseɛ no. Saa adwene no bɛn asetena mu nsɛm nkɔsoɔ ne sɛdeɛ abɔdeɛ faa so ne ne nkɔsoɔ nanso nsosoneɛ a ɛtwe adwene si nsakare so.

Nsakrae no bɛtumi ayɛ nyini, biribi a ɛnni atenka ne deɛ ɛwɔ atenka.

W abɔdeɛ no bi no mu, awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ma aboa kro bi tumi twa nkwa nna.

Bi ne nnua ne nnua a ɛnso nhwiren, nkwammoa pii no wɔ afa mmienu, na nkwa na no wɔfrɛ no sɛ Alternation Generations. Asetena abakɔsɛm no ɔtaa de yɛ adwuma, ne titire ne red algae a ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa anaa deɛ ɛboro saa mankwammoa a ɛnyɛ mmienu.

Nkwa nna a ɛwɔ nnhyiaeɛ fa nsesaeɛ haploid ne daploid afa ɛne sɛ nsesaeɛ a ploidy w mu no. Sɛ wo sane ba diploid afa de kɔ haploid afa, ɛsɛ sɛ meiosis ɛba. Ploidy wɔ nkwa nna afa mmiɛnsa.

• haplontic life cycle — the haploid stage is multicellular and the diploid stage is a single cell, meiosis is "zygotic".
• diplontic life cycle — the diploid stage is multicellular and haploid gametes are formed, meiosis is "gametic".
• haplodiplontic life cycle (also referred to as diplohaplontic, diplobiontic, or dibiontic life cycle) — multicellular diploid and haploid stages occur, meiosis is "sporic"

Nna no deɛ mitosis deɛ nko, zygotic meiosis wɔ mitotic afa baako mitosis si berɛ n fa wɔ "zygotic" meiosis ne berɛ a 2n fa wɔ gametic meiosis. Saa nti zygotic ne gametic meiosis ka bom a yɛfrɛ no "haplobiontic"(mitosis ɔfa baako, sɛ adwen no nnyɛ ntanta wɔ haplontic). Spontic meiosis nso wɔ mitosis afa mmienu, diploidne haploid afa no yɛfrɛ no "diplobiontic" (sɛ adwen no nnyɛ ntanta wɔ diplontic).

Deɛ wɔahwehwɛ ahunu no foforɔ

Adesua a ɛfa awoɔ ne mpuntuo wɔ nkwammoa mu no nipa a wadɔ asukɔ wɔ nnua ho ne deɛ wadɔ asukɔ wɔ mmoa ho na yɛ adwuma no.

Wilheim Holmeister yɛɛ ɔyɛkyerɛ sɛ alternation generation yɛ su a ɛka nnua bom, na ɔde deɛ ɛfiri mu baeɛ too daw wɔafe apem ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonum baako.

Nsɛmfua bi te sɛ(haplobiont ne diplobiont) a ɔde kyerɛ nkwa nna no Nils Svedelius na de baeɛ ma algae na ɔde maa nkwammoa biara, Nsɛmfua afoforɔ( autogamy ne gamontogamy) di dwuma wɔ protist nkwa nna mu wei nso Karl Gottlieb Grell na de dii dwuma. Nkyerɛmu ma nkwa naa a ɛmu yɛ den ma nkwammoa ahodoɔ no boa ma yɛnya adanseɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ nokware wɔ nsusueɛ wɔ spontaneous generation wɔ afe apem ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonan ne afe apem ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonum mu.

Haplontic nkwa nna

Zygotic meiosis yɛ meiosis wɔ zygote a ɛdi karyogamy akyi pɛɛ a ɛka nuclei mmienu bom. Kwan wei so no nkwammoa no si diploid fa na ayɛ haploid nkwammoa bebree. Saa nkwammoa yi yɛkyɛm mitotically de nya multicellular kɛseɛ anaa haploid nkwammoa bebree. Gametes mmienu a ɛbɔ abira (barima ne ɔbaa)firi wɔn hɔ anaa nkwammoa no hɔ kabom bɛyɛ zygote.

Wɔ afa nyinaa mu no zygote yɛ diploid nkwammoa pɛ, mitosis si wɔ haploid ɔfa mu.

Nkwammoa bɛyɛ mitosis a ɛyɛ haplonts nti nkwa nna no nti yɛfrɛ no haplonticnkwa nna, haplonts yɛ;

• In archaeplastidans: some green algae (e.g., Cladophora glomerata, Acetabularia)
• In stramenopiles: some brown algae (the Fucales, however, their life cycle can also be interpreted as strongly heteromorphic-diplohaplontic, with a highly reduced gametophyte phase, as in the flowering plants),Nhwɛsoɔ:Sfn some xanthophytes (e.g., Vaucheria),Nhwɛsoɔ:Sfn most diatoms, some oomycetes (e.g., Saprolegnia, Plasmopara viticola), opalines, some "heliozoans" (e.g., Actinophrys, Actinosphaerium)
• In alveolates: ciliates
• In excavates: some parabasalids
• In opisthokonts: animals, some fungi (e.g., some ascomycetes)

Diplontic nkwa nna

Wɔ gametes meiosis ɛnka ɛsɛ meiotic na ɛkyekyɛ ne homu de nya haploid nkwammoa no nanso zygote na kyekyɛ ne ho mu wɔ mitotic mu de nya multicellular diploid ankorɛankorɛ anaa akuo akuo nya unicellulat deploid nkwammoa bebree .

Nkwammoa firi deploid ankorɛankorɛ na wakɔ fa meiosis mu de abɛnya haploid nkwammoa anaa gametes.Haploid nkwammoa bɛtumi akyɛ mu biom( fri mitosis) de anya haploid nkwammoa, wɔ yeast bebree, nanso haploid afa nnyɛ nkwa nna ɔfa titire. Wɔ diplonts, mitosis si wɔ diploid afa nloa mu ɛne sɛ gametes taa yɛ ntɛmpaa ne nkabom yɛ diploid zygotes.

Wɔ nna ne nyinaa mu no, gametes taa ne titire ne haploid nkwammoa ne mitosis taa si wɔ haploid afa nkoaa mu.

Diploid multicellular ankorɛankorɛ yɛ diplont ɛbiom nso gametic meiosis yɛ sane frɛ no diplontic nkwa nna. Diplonts no ne;

• In archaeplastidans: some green algae (e.g., Cladophora glomerata, Acetabularia)
• In stramenopiles: some brown algae (the Fucales, however, their life cycle can also be interpreted as strongly heteromorphic-diplohaplontic, with a highly reduced gametophyte phase, as in the flowering plants), some xanthophytes (e.g., Vaucheria), most diatoms, some oomycetes (e.g., Saprolegnia, Plasmopara viticola), opalines, some "heliozoans" (e.g., Actinophrys, Actinosphaerium)
• In alveolates: ciliates
• In excavates: some parabasalids
• In opisthokonts: animals, some fungi (e.g., some ascomycetes)

Haplodiplontic nkwa nna

Main article: Alternation of generations

Wɔ meiosis( a yɛ taa frɛ no intermediary meiosis) zygote no kyekyɛ mitotically de nya multicellular diploid sporophyte. Sporophyte no yɛ spore fa meiosis a ɛno nso kyɛ mitosis kwan so a ɛno nso yɛ haploid ankorɛankorɛ a yɛfrɛ no gmetophytes.Na gametophytes no yɛ gametes fa mitosis mu. Wɔ nnua no mu bi no gametophytes no nnyɛ ketewa nkoaa na mmom ne nkwa yɛ tiawa; wɔ nnua no bi no algae bebree, gametophytes na di akotene wɔ ɔfa anaa nkwa nna no mu.

Haplodionts yɛ;

• In archaeplastidans: red algae (which have two sporophyte generations), some green algae (e.g., Ulva), land plants
• In stramenopiles: most brown algae
• In rhizarians: many foraminiferans, plasmodiophoromycetes
• In amoebozoa: myxogastrids
• In opisthokonts: some fungi (some chytrids, some ascomycetes like the brewer's yeast)
• Other eukaryotes: haptophytes Mmoa no bi yɛ sex determination system a yɛfrɛ no haplodiploid nanso wei ne haplodiplontic nkwa nna no nnyɛ mmɛn.

Vegetative meiosis

Red algae no bi( bonnemaisonia ne Lemanea) ne green algae(Prasiola) wɔ vegetative meiosis a yɛ sane frɛ no somatic meiosis a ɛho ɛden. Vegetative meiosis bɛtumi asi wɔ haplodiontic ne diplontic nkwa nna mu. Gametophytes kɔso bata sane ka sporophyte ho. Vegetative(deɛ ɛnwo) diploid nkwammoa fa meiosis, a ɛyɛ vegetative haploid nkwammoa. Wei fa mitosis bebree mu na ayɛ gametes.

Ade foforɔ a yɛfrɛ vegetative diploidization ɛyɛ apomixis sɛ so, ɛsi wɔ brown algae mu bi( Elachista stellaris). Nkwammoa a ɛwɔ haploid a ɛka nnua a ɛsi ntɛm so nya chromosomes mmienu de nya diploid tissue.

Mmoawa nkwa nna

Mmoawa hwehwɛ na wadan ɔhohoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Deɛ ɔsaaeɛ bebree kyɛn ɔhohoɔ baako mmoa de awie nkwa nna na nkwa nna no ayɛ bibia a ɛwɔ hɔ. Dirofilaria immits anaa heartworm ne nkwa nna a ɛnyɛ nnidisoɔ nhwesoɔ no bi. Microfilariae no ɛsɛ ntomtom baa no fa ɛdikan yɛ, a ɛyɛ de kɔ yɛ infective larval afa ahodoɔ. Ntomtom ka aboa na wɔde ama larvae a aseɛ de ama aboa no a ɔde ɛkɔ fa pulmonary artery ne deɛ ɛnyini no,

Saa mmoawa na ɛsaeɛ mmoa mmako no wɔ nkwa nna nnidisoɔ. Nhwɛsoɔ no bi ne mmoawa a ɛwɔ nkwa nna nnidisoɔ a yɛfrɛ no Ancyiostoma caninum anaa canine hookworm. Wɔnya nkɔsoɔ wɔ larval af a ɛwɔ yɛ mantam na afa kraman honam no mu pɛɛ de anya mpanimfoɔ a ɛwɔ nsono ketewa no mu.

Nsesaeɛ

Deɛ ɛdikan paa wɔ nkwa nna no deɛ ɛnyɛ a ɛwɔ haploid ankorɛankorɛ ne deɛ ɛntumi nnwo.

Bateria ne archaea yi kyerɛ nkwa nna bi te sɛ eukaryotes no bi yɛ no( bi ne cryptophyta, chaonoflagellata, ne euglenozoa bebree, ne amaoebozoa, ne red algae no mu bi, green algae no bi, imperfect fungi, rioters no bi ne akuo bebree a ɛnhyɛda ɛnyɛ haploid).

Nanso eurokaryotes nyɛ dɛn ara yɛ mmoawa ɛnwo, nanso wayera wɔn awoɔ ho nnoɔma, anaa ɛni amma ho.

Eurokaryotes bebree(mmoa ne nnua) kyerɛ sɛ ɛnwo, a ɛyɛ ɔhyɛ wɔ nkwa nna wɔ deɛ ɛwo a ɛsi bebree anaa kakraa bi.

Sane hwɛ

Alternation of generations- Awoɔ nna ma nnua ne algae

Apomixis- ɛhyɛ deɛ ɛwo no anan wɔ deɛ ɛnwo no

Haplodiploidy- abɔdeɛ nkwa wɔm nhyehyeɛ no dodoɔ na kyerɛ chromosomes.

Parasexual cycle- Deɛ ɛnwo nso de kɔ ma genetic ho nnoɔma a meiosis ɛnka ho