Wikipedia

Okunafoɔ

Okunani baa yɛ ɔbaa bi a ne kunu awu; okuani barima yɛ barima a ne yere awu.

Edin Ahodoɔ

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Sɛ obi hokafoɔ wu a tebea a wɔkɔ mu no wɔfrɛ no "kunayɛ'.[1]Tete din a wɔde frɛ okuani ne 'relict',[2] ne nkyerɛaseɛ tra ne "obi a wagyae no hɔ". Wobɛtumi ahunu saa edin yi bi wɔ nna so. Edin "Okuani baa" firi Indo-European a ɛkyerɛ "okunani baa" na awura Indo-European kasa mu. Wɔnyaa mmarima din "okunani barima " firii 14th century, wɔ 19th century mu na wɔde "okunani baa" gyinaa hɔ maa mmarima.[3] Sɛ obi rekɔ wura kunayɛ mu a ɛyɛ nsakraeɛ a ɛde awerɛhoɔ brɛ okunani baa no ne okunani barima no. Saa tebea yi bɛtumi ama obi ayɛ mmɔbɔ na ama ayie no atwe akɔ akyire.[4] Kunayɛ bɛtumi agyina hɔ ama ɔbaa anaa barima, wɔ nwoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ edin bi mu,[5][6] nanso wɔbobɔ din kunayɛ wɔ nwoma nsonoma ɛkyerɛkyerɛ edin mu.[7]Mpempii no wɔde edin "viduity" na ɛdi dwuma.[8] Edin nkyerɛkyerɛmu ma sɛ okunani bi yɛ ɔbaa anaa barima no yɛ "widowed".[9] Wɔmmfa saa edin yi nni dwuma wɔ awaregyaeɛ mu sɛ obi ware foforɔ na ne hokafoɔ wu a.[10]

Nsunsuansoɔ a ɛba wɔyɛn apomuden so

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Obi hokafoɔ wu a nea ɛmma no ntena hɔ afebɔɔ no wɔfrɛ no kunayɛ nsunsuansoɔ. [11]"Ano yɛ den wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa a ɛdikan a ne hokafoɔ no awu no, sɛ wɔhunu sɛ wɔn wuo no bɛtumi ayɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduosia nsia". [12]Ɛhɔ na wentwiwentwi ba sɛ ɔbaa no anaa barima no ntumi ntena, na adesua nso ahwɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ mu, saa ara nso na afoforɔ susu sɛ yɛnni nsonsonoeɛ da wɔ ntam. [13]Berɛ wɔasusu ho sɛ sɛ nna nhyiamu ɛdi dwuma wɔ esu mu no, ɛsane ma yɛhunu sɛdeɛ obi abrabɔ sesa sɛ ne hokafoɔ wu a. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda mu no gyina asodie a ɛda no so sɛ ɔbɛtumi ahwɛ ne ho, nnoɔma a ɔhwehwɛ ne sɛdeɛ wɔsi yɛ wɔ ne hokafoɔ no wuo akyi. Nhweɛsoɔ ne sɛ, mmaa na ɛkɔ saa tebea no mu kyɛn mmarima na wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔn hokafoɔ foforɔ nso bɛwu. [14]Sɛ ɔdi kuna no wie a, mmarima ne mmaa no sesa wɔn suban. Mmaa no de wɔn kunu sɛ wɔwuu mpofirim a; mmarima nso de wɔn yerenom sɛ wɔwuu berɛ a yareɛ bi tenaa wɔn so kyɛɛ a. [15]Bio, yɛahunu sɛ mmarima ne mmaa nyinaa wɔn suban ne wɔn nneyɔeɛ bi asesa berɛ wɔn hokafoɔ wui no akyire.Wɔn mmienu no brɛ ansana wahwɛ wɔn ho, ɛwɔm sɛ ɛbɛtumi asesa a ɛgyina nnipa su no so ne dwuma a na nea wawu no di wɔ wɔn abrabɔ mu. [15]Sɛ wɔdi awerɛhoɔ kyɛ a wɔnyini ntɛm. Wei de ɔhaw ba wɔn adwene ne wɔn nnipadua so.[16]

Sɛdeɛ wɔsi di kuna

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Wɔ Europe fa baabi te sɛ Russia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Italy ne Spain, no, akunafoɔ mmaa hyɛ ataade tuntum afebɔɔ dekyerɛ sɛ wɔredi kuna, adeɛ a wɔyɛ a atwam. Akristofoɔ nsɔre bi wagye atom wɔ United States hyɛ ataade tuntum de kyerɛ sɛ wɔredi kuna ne ahofama ma ne kunu noa wawu no.Wɔ Hindi widow's Remarriage Act, 1856 wɔ India no, akunafoɔ gyinaberɛ ma indiafoɔ yɛ honam ahyɛnsodeɛ.[17]Wɔyi kunani baa no ti, wɔmfa ade kɔkɔɔ bira nyɛ ne mɔma so na wɔtaa no sɛ ɛneɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ agudeɛ na wɔma no de ne nan saa nante fam. Saa amammerɛ yi yɛ adeɛ a ayera na atwam. [18]Wɔ South Asia fa baabi no, na wɔka sɛ mmaa na ɛma wɔn kununom wu na wɔmma no hwɛ obiara ɛfiri sɛ wɔsusu sɛ sɛ wohwɛ obi a ɛde nomee baba ɔnikorɔ so.[19] [20]Alatfoɔ bi nso ma kunani baa nom nsuo a wɔboro ne kunu a w'awu wɔ mu no, anaasɛ ɔbɛda ne kunu no ahunu no nkyɛn bɛyɛ nnansa. [20]Wɔ chiloé a ɛwɔ Southern Chile anansesɛm mu no, okunani ne ɔkra tuntum yɛ adeɛ a ɛho hia paa ara sɛ wɔrekɔ ha ama carbunclo.[21]

Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/widowhood
  2. ↑ http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/relict
  3. ↑ widow', noun, Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition
  4. ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953621005116
  5. ↑ http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/widowhood
  6. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2022-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ↑ http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/widowerhood
  8. ↑ https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viduity
  9. ↑ http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/widowed
  10. ↑ https://tucson.com/business/national-and-international/social-security-and-you-questions-about-widow-ex-spouse-benefits/article_8aadf436-9b2c-5666-883c-4bd07fdeb78e.html
  11. ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00324728.2021.1892809
  12. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-widowhood-effect-idUSBRE9AD0VU20131114
  13. ↑ Trivedi, J., Sareen, H., & Dhyani, M. (2009). Psychological Aspects of Widowhood and Divorce. Mens Sana Monogr Mens Sana Monographs, 7(1), 37. doi:10.4103/0973-1229.40648
  14. ↑ http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA380342155
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Wilcox, Sara; Evenson, Kelly R.; Aragaki, Aaron; Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia; Mouton, Charles P.; Loevinger, Barbara Lee (2003). "The effects of widowhood on physical and mental health, health behaviors, and health outcomes: The Women's Health Initiative". Health Psychology. 22 (5): 513–22. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.5.513. PMID 14570535
  16. ↑ https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/142738/Nesse-Carr-House_Perf-JFI-2004.pdf?sequence=1
  17. ↑ Olson, Carl. The Many Colors of Hinduism. Rutgers University Press. p. 269.
  18. ↑ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-dec-10-adfg-widows10-story.html
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=yRWDDwAAQBAJ
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-10-23/these-kenyan-widows-are-fighting-against-sexual-cleansing
  21. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Quintana
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