Wikipedia

Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu
cholera
infectious disease
has causeVibrio cholerae Sesa
health specialtyinfectious diseases, emergency medicine Sesa
medical examinationphysical examination, microbiological culture, complete blood count, rapid diagnostic test, polymerase chain reaction Sesa
possible treatmentoral rehydration therapy, intravenous fluid replacement, Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, Vaccine Sesa
disease transmission processfood-borne transmission, fecal–oral route, water-borne transmission Sesa
ICD-9-CM001.0, 001, 001.9 Sesa

Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yɛ nnipa nsono mu yareɛ a ayamtuo brɛfoɔ mmoawa ahodoɔ no de ba.[1]Na ne ho mpopoeɛ no hyɛ aseɛ a wonhunu hwee,na ɛmu bɛyɛ den kakra na afei ɛmu bɛyɛ den pa ara.[2] Na ɛho mpopoeɛ a ano yɛ den pa ara ne sɛ wo yam hwie a ɛbɛhwie nna kakra no.Deɛ wobɛsan ahunu ne feɛ ne nnompe mu mmerɛeɛ. Wo yam a ɛbɛhwie no ano bɛtumi ayɛ den dɔnhwere ma wo ho nsuo nyinaa asa a wontumi mpo nnyina wo nan so papa.Ɛba no saa a, w’anim nyinaa yɛ hoyaa, wo wedeɛ ani yɛ nwunu, wo wedeɛ twintwam na wo nsa ne wo nantini woso.[3]Sɛ wo ho nsuo we a, wo wedeɛ ani sesa.[4]Berɛ a wobɛhunu saa mpopoeɛ yi,hyɛ aseɛ dɔnhwere mmienu de kɔsi nna nnum.[5]

A person with severe dehydration due to cholera, causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.
Specialty Infectious disease
Symptoms Large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps
Complications Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
Usual onset 2 hours to 5 days after exposure
Duration A few days
Causes Vibrio cholerae spread by fecal-oral route
Risk factors Poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, poverty
Diagnostic method Stool test
Prevention Improved sanitation, clean water, hand washing, cholera vaccines
Treatment Oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, intravenous fluids, antibiotics
Prognosis Less than 1% mortality rate with proper treatment, untreated mortality rate 50–60%
Frequency 3–5 million people a year
Deaths

Deɛ Ɛde Ba

sesa

Mmoawa ahodoɔ beberee na ɛde ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ba ne ahodoɔ binom a wɔde nyarewa a ɛmu yɛ den ba kyɛn afoforɔ mpo. Sɛ nipa agyanan mmoawa no bi kɔ nsuo mu anaa aduane mu a, ɛno na ɛma yareɛ yi te atese pa ara.[6] Nsuomnam a ne noa no anmen yie nso tumi de yareɛ yi ba.[7] Nipadua no nko ara ne atenaeɛ a yareɛ yi tumi tena. Nneɛma ahodoɔ a ɛde yareɛ yi ba ne fi,nsuo a ɛho nte ne ohia.Yɛbɛtumi ahwehwɛ agyanan mu anaa sɛ dwonsɔtwaa mu de ahunu Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yi. Ɛwɔ mu,sɛ, worehwehwɛ dwonsɔtwaa mu,ntumi mma mmuaeɛ a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.[8]

Nsɔano

sesa

Akwan ahodoɔ a yɛbɛtumi de asi Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ano no bi ne ahonidie ne nsupa.[9]Nnuro a wɔde si Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ a wɔde fa anomu no tumi si yareɛ no ano kwan bɛyɛ abosome nsia, na ɛsan nso boa si Ayamtuo ahodoɔ no baako a E.Coli de ba no ano. Ɛyɛ afe apem aduonu ne dunson no(2017)ɛyɛ Abrokyiman mu(US) gyee aduro baako too mu a ɛyɛ anomu Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ aduro a wɔfrɛ no "Vaxchora" na wɔde ma mpaninfoɔ a wɔadi dunwɔtwe de kɔsi aduosianan a wɔrekɔ beaeɛ a Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ hyeta ntɛmtɛm.[10]Mmɔfra nketewa nnya saa banbɔ no bi papa. Nnipa a wɔanya yareɛ yi bi, na wɔanya ahotɔ no wɔ banbɔ soronko a,ankyɛ koraa ne mfeɛ mmiɛnsa.(berɛ a wɔasɔ ahwɛ no)[11]

Sɛ obi nya yareɛ no bi a,ɔhwɛ a ɛdi kan a wɔde hwɛ no ne aborɔfoduro a nkyene wɔ mu no(ORS)ne aduro a wɔahyɛ a dɛɛdɛɛ kakra ne nkyene wɔ mu no.Ɛmo a wɔahyɛ de nneɛma binom afra nso hia.Sɛ ɛba no mmɔfra mu nso a, wɔahunu sɛ aduro a wɔfrɛ no "zinc" nso boa pa ara.Berɛ a ɛmu yɛ den mu no,nnuro a wɔakeka abɔ mu te sɛ nsuo sɛ ebia, "Ringer’s lactate" nso hia, ne nnuro a wɔde si mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba ano.Sɛ wode bɛfa aduro a wɔde si nyarewa ano no gyina aduro no ahoɔden so.

Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ kɔ so ara nya nnipa ɔpepem mmiɛnsa de kɔsi ɔpepem nnum(3-5million)wiase afana nyinaa.Na afe biara no ɛkum nnipa mpem aduonu nwɔtwe ne ahanwɔtwe de kɔpem mpem ɔha ne aduasa(28,800-130,000).[12]Ɛde bɛsi ɛnnɛ yi,Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ahodoɔ nson na asi wiase a ɛrekɔ n’anim yi, a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ afe apem ahankron ne aduosia baako(1960) na ɛwɔ hɔ ɛnnɛ yi nso.Yareɛ yi wɔ hɔ na ɛwɔ aman a wɔakɔ wanim na wɔanya mfasoɔ pii no.Na ɛnya mmɔfra yie pa ara.[13]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ sisi mmea bi berɛ a yareɛ no ate atese wɔ saa beaeɛ hɔ.Mmea a yareɛ yi ano yɛ den pa ara ne Abibirem ne "Southeast Asia".Nnipa a wɔanya yareɛ yi bi wɔ saa aman yi so ne owuo a wɔbɛtumi awu nanso wɔbɛtumi anya ayarehwɛ yɛ bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu nnum(5%) nanso ɛbɛtumi akɔ soro aduru ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduonum(50%) sɛ wannya saa ayarehwɛ no a.Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ nkyerɛmu no baeɛ bɛyɛ awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ nnum(5thC) ansa na Kristo reba wɔ Sanskrit.[14]Sɛ wokɔ abrokyiman mu a, na Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yɛ edin a na wɔde ma yafunu yareɛ biara na ɛnyɛ Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ na wɔde kyerɛ de kɔsi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ dunkron(19thC) no mu hɔ ansa na saa din yi rebɛka hɔ.[15]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ho adesua wɔ Abrokyiman mu a John Snow yɛeɛ afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne aduanan ne afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne aduonum nnan(1840-1854) no mu de mfasodeɛ pii baeɛ a na ɛfa nsuo a fi wɔ mu no. Na ɛno ne adesua a ɛdi kan na wɔde too hɔ a ɛfa a ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so de asi yareɛ a ɛte atese no ano kwan.[16]

Nsɛnkyerɛnne Ne Mpopoeɛ

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Deɛ ɛma wohunu ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ntɛm pa ara ne ayamtuo ne ɛfeɛ.[17] Saa mpopoeɛ yi hyɛ aseɛ ntɛm pa ara, ɛhyɛ aseɛ da koro ne fa de kɔpem nnanum wɔ berɛ a mmoawa no akɔ nipadua no mu no.[18]Saa ayamtuo yi, wɔ abɔdeɛ mu wɔtaa frɛ no "Ɛmo Nsʋo" na ɛwɔ nka bi te sɛ nsuomnam no.[19]Onipa a wanya Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ na ɔnyaa ayarehwɛ no yam tumi hwie, sɛ wosusu a bɛyɛ nkɔtoa du de kɔpem aduonu(3-5 US gal).[20]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ a ano yɛ den a wɔansi ano no kum nnipa a wɔanya bi no mu fa.[21] Sɛ wɔansi Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ a ano yɛ den no ano a,ɛbɛtumi ama nipadua no ho nsuo nyinaa awe na nipadua no aggigya nso.[22]Nsusuiiɛ fa yareɛ yi ho hyehyɛ firi mmiɛnsa de kɔsi ɔha(3-100).[23]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ anya ahotɛdin sɛ "bibire wuo"[24] ɛfiri sɛ onipa a ɔnya bi no,wedeɛ yɛ bibire wɔ berɛ a ne ho nsuo nyinaa aweɛ no.

Kwan A Ɛfa So Sae

sesa
 
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera

Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ wɔ nsuonam ne apotobibire mu.[25]Ɛnam aduane anaa nsuo a asɛe ne fi so na saa yareɛ yi sae.Mpɛn pii no ɛnam aduane so na Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yi trɛ wɔ aman a wɔakɔ wɔanim no, na aman nso a afei na wɔretu mpɔn no, ɛnam nsuo so na ɛba.[26] Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yi trɛ .Aduane mu nyarewa no tumi trɛ sɛ nnipa yɛ nsuomnuane bi te sɛ oysters a yareɛ anya no wɔ nsuom te sɛ Vibrio choleraeaccumulates wɔ planktonic crustaceans na oysters di apotobibire no.

 
Scanning electron microscope image of Vibrio cholerae







Baabi a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ

sesa
  1. ↑ Richard A. Finkelstein (1996), Samuel Baron (ed.), "Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413330, retrieved 2024-06-12
  2. ↑ "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper", Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 117–128, 2010-03-26, ISSN 0049-8114, PMID 20349546, retrieved 2024-06-12
  3. ↑ "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper", Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 117–128, 2010-03-26, ISSN 0049-8114, PMID 20349546, retrieved 2024-06-12
  4. ↑ Diane Bailey (2010-08-15), Cholera (in English), The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2, retrieved 2024-06-12
  5. ↑ Wayback Machine (PDF), archived from the original on 2015-04-13, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ↑ Wayback Machine (PDF), archived from the original on 2015-04-13, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ↑ CDC (2024-04-12), Cholera: Causes and How It Spreads (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-12
  8. ↑ CDC (2024-05-14), Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Cholera (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-12
  9. ↑ Jason B. Harris, Regina C. LaRocque, Firdausi Qadri, Edward T. Ryan, Stephen B. Calderwood (2012-06-30), "Cholera", Lancet (London, England), vol. 379, no. 9835, pp. 2466–2476, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X, ISSN 1474-547X, PMC 3761070, PMID 22748592, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Cholera Fact Sheet, retrieved 2024-06-12
  11. ↑ Jason B. Harris (2018-10-15), "Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development", The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 218, no. suppl_3, pp. S141–S146, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy414, ISSN 1537-6613, PMC 6188552, PMID 30184117, retrieved 2024-06-12
  12. ↑ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016-10-08), "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015", Lancet (London, England), vol. 388, no. 10053, pp. 1459–1544, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1, ISSN 1474-547X, PMC 5388903, PMID 27733281, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ↑ CDC (2024-05-12), About Cholera (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-12
  14. ↑ Jason B. Harris, Regina C. LaRocque, Firdausi Qadri, Edward T. Ryan, Stephen B. Calderwood (2012-06-30), "Cholera", Lancet (London, England), vol. 379, no. 9835, pp. 2466–2476, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X, ISSN 1474-547X, PMC 3761070, PMID 22748592, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Charles E. Rosenberg (2009-02-06), The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (in English), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-72676-2, retrieved 2024-06-12
  16. ↑ Thomas C. Timmreck (2002), An Introduction to Epidemiology (in English), Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7, retrieved 2024-06-12
  17. ↑ David A Sack, R Bradley Sack, G Balakrish Nair, Ak Siddique (2004-01), "Cholera", The Lancet (in English), vol. 363, no. 9404, pp. 223–233, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Andrew S. Azman, Kara E. Rudolph, Derek A. T. Cummings, Justin Lessler (2013-05), "The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review", The Journal of Infection, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 432–438, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013, ISSN 1532-2742, PMC 3677557, PMID 23201968, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ David A. Sack, R. Bradley Sack, G. Balakrish Nair, A. K. Siddique (2004-01-17), "Cholera", Lancet (London, England), vol. 363, no. 9404, pp. 223–233, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15328-7, ISSN 1474-547X, PMID 14738797, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inapparent-infections-and-cholera-dynamics-King-Ionides/9505ec6782b12f090120ddf668c94d78d550bdb8, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ William B. Greenough (2008-01-02), "The blue death: Disease, disaster, and the water we drink", The Journal of Clinical Investigation (in English), vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 4–4, doi:10.1172/JCI34394, ISSN 0021-9738, retrieved 2024-06-12
  25. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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