Wikipedia

Kabimamenkabi a wɔbɛma anya nkɔso (Democracy Promotion)

Kabimamenkabi a wɔbɛma anya nkɔso, a wɔsan frɛ no kabimamenkabi dansi no betumi ayɛ ɔman no mu nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛma kabimamenkabi a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no ayɛ papa anaasɛ amannɔne nhyehyɛe bi a aban ahorow ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔboa kabimamenkabi a wɔbɛtrɛw sɛ nniso nhyehyɛe no agye atom.[1][2] Nneɛma a ɛma obi foa so sɛ kabimamenkabi yɛ papa no bi ne gyidi a ɛne sɛ aman a wɔwɔ kabimamenkabi nniso nhyehyɛe no ntaa nkɔ ɔko, ɛda adi sɛ sikasɛm mu yiyedi ne asetra mu biakoyɛ kɔ so kɛse.[3][4] Wɔ kabimamenkabi nkɔso mu no, nea ɛka adeyɛ no ho ne kabimamenkabi a wɔbɛkyekye na wɔahyɛ mu den, titiriw kabimamenkabi ahyehyɛde ahorow a asɛnnibea ahorow, polisifo, ne amansɛmdi ahorow ka ho a wɔbɛhyehyɛ no den.[1] Akasatiafo binom aka sɛ Amerika de kabimamenkabi a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran adi dwuma de akyerɛ sɛ ɛfata sɛ asraafo de wɔn ho gye mu wɔ amannɔne.[5][6]

Asomdwoe a wɔbɛkora so no boa ma demokrase hyɛ nkuran na wɔkyekye wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no mu. Ɛha yi, ɔkwankyerɛfoɔ ne kan MICAH Polisifoɔ Komisafoɔ Yves Bouchard ne asraafoɔ ne polisifoɔ mpaninfoɔ kyɛ asɛmpatrɛ adwuma mu suahunu wɔ asɛmpatrɛ adwuma sohwɛ mu de boa Afrika Aman Nkabom asomdwoeɛ asɛmpatrɛ adwuma. Pearson Asoɛe a ɛwɔ Bamako ’s Ecole de maintien de la paix na ɛyɛɛ Planification Avancee des Missions Intégrées (APIM), anaa Asɛmpatrɛw Nhyehyɛe Adesua a Ɛkɔ Anim no.

Wonyaa osuahu pii bere a Ɔman Anidan ahorow a ɛbaa 1989 mu no maa Dade Ntama no hwee ase na ɛde kabimamenkabi nsakrae bae wɔ kan Komunis aman mu, titiriw wɔ Europa Mfinimfini ne Apuei fam no akyi. Sɛnea Ahofadi Fie (Freedom House) kyerɛ no, kabimamenkab aman dodow kɔɔ soro fi aman 150 a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no mu 41 wɔ afe 1974 mu koduu aman 192 mu 123 wɔ afe 2006 mu.[7][8] Nsakrae no brɛw ase kɛse fi afeha a ɛto so aduonu biako no mfiase, na ɛhyɛɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛfa sɛ ebia kabimamenkab da asiane mu ho nkuran.[9] Wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu baako mfitiaseɛ no, wɔhunuu kabimamenkabi a ɛho ayɛ na wɔ aman a kabimamenkabi nhyehyɛeɛ wɔ hɔ dedaw, a Britain, U.S. ne Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo ka ho.[10][11] Wɔ sikasɛm mu no, kabimamenkabi nyaa nkɔanim firii ɔha biara mu nkyem 2 mu afe 1990 mu kɔɔ ɔha biara mu nkyem 20 wɔ afe 2005 mu.[12][13]

Asɛmmisa a ɛda adi pefee a ɛfa kabimamenkabi a wɔbɛhyɛ ho nkuran wɔ wiase nyinaa, wɔ aman a ɛwɔ nniso nhyehyɛe no mu titiriw dedaw ne wɔn a enni hɔ no nyinaa mu ne sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde bɛhyɛ kabimamenkabi ho nkuran, aboa anaa wɔaboa wɔ Ɔko Nwininwini no akyi.

Nkyerɛase ahorow

sesa

Wɔagye kabimamenkabi a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran no nkyerɛase pɔtee ho akyinnye bɛboro mfe aduonu anum ni. Nsɛmfua dodoɔ a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ adwene ne akwan dodoɔ a amanaman ntam adwumayɛfoɔ fa so adi, sɛ́ ɛyɛ aban, NGO anaa nnipa foforɔ a wɔto so mmiɛnsa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ebinom betumi ahu asɛmfua ‘nkɔso’ no ankasa sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛde ne ho hyɛ mu dodo, anaasɛ ɛkyerɛ abɔnten so ntwitwiridii, bere a ebinom betumi ahu ‘mmoa’ sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛnyɛ papa nanso, afoforo nso ka sɛ, ɛnyɛ ɛnyɛ den sɛnea ɛsɛ.

Wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu baako mfitiaseɛ no, na nsonsonoeɛ no mu apaapae nsraban titire mmienu: wɔn a wɔhunu no sɛ amammuisɛm mu adeyɛ ne wɔn a wɔhunu sɛ ɛyɛ nkɔsoɔ nhyehyɛeɛ (hwɛ amanaman ntam abusuabɔ ne nkɔsoɔ mmoa ma nsɛm a ɛfa ho).

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɔhaw no fa bi fi adwene anaa nkyerɛase a enni hɔ wɔ nea kabimamenkabi (demokrase) yɛ ho. W. B. Gallie kae sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wobenya nkyerɛase a wɔpene so, na mmom ɔde demokrase kaa ‘nsusuwii ahorow a wɔkasa tia titiriw’[14] a wɔahyehyɛ ho.[15] Ɛde besi nnɛ no, adwene a enhyia wɔ nkyerɛase ahorow ho no ama agoruyɛfo binom de wɔn adwene asi mfiridwuma nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde boa demokrase nniso (abatow, aban nhyehyɛe ne nea ɛtete saa) so, bere a afoforo nso fa ɔkwan fofor a wɔfa so hyɛ ɔmanfo nkuran ma wonya kyɛfa wɔ man nom na wɔkyekye ɔmanfo ne amammuifo a wɔyɛ den de siesie wɔn ho.

Amannɔne nhyehyɛe ahorow

sesa

Abɔnten so demokrase a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran no wɔ akwan titiriw abien a egyina demokrase ko a ɔman bi redi ho dwuma so: abɔnten so a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu ne sɛ ɔmanko ano aduru, anaasɛ wɔboa ɔman no mu nhyɛso a wɔde hwehwɛ nsakrae. Wɔn a wɔkamfo kabimamenkabi nkɔso kyerɛ no mu apaapae wɔ asɛm a ene sɛ, nhyehyɛe bɛn na ɛtaa di yiye kɛse wɔ nneɛma a kabimamenkabi nkɔso nhyehyɛe ahorow de sie no ho; wɔakyekyɛ wɔn mu saa ara wɔ nneɛma a ɛwɔ kabimamenkabi nhyehyɛe no mu ne nneɛma a ɛho hia kɛse ma kabimamenkabi a wɔde bɛka abom no nkonimdi ho.[16]

Ɔman no mu nhyehyɛe ahorow

sesa

Ɔman no mu nhyehyɛe betumi ama kabimamenkabi aman no ayɛ papa, na atew hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ kabimamenkabi renyɛ yie anaa bɛsan akɔ akyi no so. Nneɛma a wɔde hyɛ kabimamenkabi ho nkuran no bi ne abatow ho afotu a wɔde di dwuma,[17] kabimamenkabi a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu,[18] mmabun hokwan a wɔde tow aba a wɔbɛma akɔ soro, ɔmanfo nhomasua a wɔbɛma akɔ soro,[19] ne abatow mu nsakrae te sɛ akwanside ahorow a ɛmma wontumi nkɔ amammuisɛm mu no so tew,[20] ne amammui tumi a wɔde hyɛ mu a wɔbɛtew so wɔ ankorankoro biako nsam.[21]

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii

sesa
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 International IDEA | Democracy Building and Conflict Management, 2006-02-09, archived from the original on 2006-02-09, retrieved 2023-08-02
  2. ↑ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137414472_3
  3. ↑ The Whys and Hows of Promoting Democracy (in English), retrieved 2023-08-02
  4. ↑ https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-832;jsessionid=C71600FA87F13A1A61A4B4D1EFB1E6AF
  5. ↑ Hoover Institution - Hoover Digest - Why Gun-Barrel Democracy Doesn’t Work, 2008-09-08, archived from the original on 2008-09-08, retrieved 2023-08-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ↑ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343396033004002
  7. ↑ Archive copy, archived from the original on 2012-03-07, retrieved 2023-08-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ↑ Democracy under Siege (in English), retrieved 2023-08-02
  9. ↑ France and Europe: the democratic deficit exposed | open Democracy News Analysis, 2009-08-31, archived from the original on 2009-08-31, retrieved 2023-08-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ↑ Globalisation, the state and the democratic deficit | openDemocracy, 2009-11-13, archived from the original on 2009-11-13, retrieved 2023-08-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  11. ↑ Democratic deficit | Political Science, Globalization & Democracy | Britannica (in English), 2023-07-05, retrieved 2023-08-02
  12. ↑ Aila M. Matanock (2020-05-11), "How International Actors Help Enforce Domestic Deals", Annual Review of Political Science (in English), vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 357–383, doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033504, ISSN 1094-2939, retrieved 2023-08-02
  13. ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2021.2012654
  14. ↑ GALLIE, W. B. Essentially Contested Concepts PDF | PDF | Concept | Democracy (in English), retrieved 2023-08-28
  15. ↑ https://philpapers.org/archive/RUBWGA.pdf
  16. ↑ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-70781-5_3
  17. ↑ Micha Germann, Kostas Gemenis (2019-01-02), "Getting Out the Vote With Voting Advice Applications", Political Communication (in English), vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 149–170, doi:10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237, ISSN 1058-4609, retrieved 2023-08-02
  18. ↑ Book Review: Against Elections: The Case for Democracy by David Van Reybrouck, 2016-10-20, retrieved 2023-08-02
  19. ↑ Alia Wong (2018-10-05), Civics Education Helps Create Young Voters and Activists (in English), retrieved 2023-08-02
  20. ↑ Gordon Tullock (1965), "Entry Barriers in Politics", The American Economic Review, vol. 55, no. 1/2, pp. 458–466, ISSN 0002-8282, retrieved 2023-08-02
  21. ↑ NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Social Science Chapter 1 Power Sharing - Free PDF, retrieved 2023-08-02
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