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Nhomasua a ɛwɔ Afrika

nhomasua ho nsɛm a wɔaka abom wɔ Afrika
Nhomasua a ɛwɔ Afrika
education in country or region
facet ofeducation Sesa
continentAbibiman Sesa
locationAbibiman Sesa
Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu

Yebetumi akyekyɛ nhomasua ho abakɔsɛm mu bɛyɛ sɛ bere a edii atubrafo anim ne bere a na ɛwɔ hɔ akyi. Efi bere a Europa atubrafo de nhomasua a ɛfata baa Afrika no, Afrikafo nhomasua, titiriw wɔ Afrika Atɔe ne Mfinimfini, yɛ nea Afrikafo atetesɛm nkyerɛkyerɛ ne Europafo sukuu nhyehyɛe ahorow nyinaa na ɛda adi. Ɛnyɛ sɛ nhomasua tebea no da nkɛntɛnso a atubrafo de ba nko na ɛda adi, na mmom nea entumi nnyina pintinn a efi akodi a ɛkɔ so wɔ Afrika mmeae pii ne nea efi nnipa mmoa ho haw te sɛ ɔkɔm, nsu a wɔnom a wonnya, ne nyarewa te sɛ asramma ne Ebola, ne afoforo.[1] Ɛwom sɛ nhomasua pa ne sukuu ne akyerɛkyerɛfo a wɔasiesie wɔn yiye dodow akɔ soro nkakrankakra fi bere a atubrafo bere no fii ase de, nanso pɛyɛ a enni hɔ pii da so ara da adi wɔ nhomasua nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw a egyina ɔmantam, sikasɛm tebea, ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna so no mu.[2][3]

Afrika aman din a wɔahyehyɛ sɛnea Akenkan ne Akyerɛw dodow te

sesa

Saa nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw yi ka akenkan ne akyerɛw ho nkyerɛase ne UNESCO ɔha biara mu akontaabu a ɛfa nnipa a wɔadi mfe 15 ne akyi, a nnipa dodow, mmarima, ne mmea nyinaa ka ho.[4]

Aman nnipa dodow nyinaa Barima Ɔbaa koko Afe
  Algeria 81.4% 87.4% 75.3% 2018

Abakɔsɛm

sesa

Na mmusuakuw ne aman na ɛwɔ Afrika ansa na atubrafo reba a efii atutra ase a egyina mmere, asase pa a ɛwɔ hɔ, ne amammui tebea horow so. Enti, wɔkyekyɛɛ tumidi mu wɔ aman pii mu wɔ Afrika ansa na atubrafo reba (na nnipa pii kura tumidi bi efisɛ na tumi a ɛte saa no nhyɛ onipa pɔtee bi anaa ahyehyɛde bi mu).[5] Mpɛn pii no, hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ obenya asase (a na wɔde mae dodow no ara wɔ agyanom mpanyimfo kwan so) ma onipa no nya tumi bi wɔ onipa no fie ne anaasɛ wɔ onipa no mmusuakuw mu.[6] Na afie nso de wɔn ho wɔ sikasɛm mu ma enti na ofie bi mufo yɛ wɔn ankasa aduan, dabere ne ahobammɔ.[6] Enti, na ɛho nhia sɛ wɔyɛ nhomasua a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye wɔ Afrika aman bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na atubrafo reba no mu, efisɛ ofie biara mufo suaa wɔn nimdeɛ, gyinapɛn ahorow, asɛyɛde ahorow, fekubɔ ne wɔn mpɔtam anaa fie gyinapɛn ahorow denam ofie no mufo anaa mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn na wɔboaa wɔn no so asɔremma.[6] Na sukuu ahorow a aban hyehyɛe wɔ hɔ wɔ Sahelia ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no mu[7]. Na nhomasua wɔ Afrika aman pii a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na atubrafo reba no yɛ adesua a wɔde sua ade, a na ɛyɛ nhomasua a wɔmfa nhyehyɛe mu, a mmofra ne anaasɛ ofie biara mufo nkumaa dodow no ara sua ade fi wɔn fiefo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim, ne mpɔtam hɔfo hɔ[8]. In most cases, each household member learned more than one skills in addition to learning the values, socialization, and norms of the community/tribe/household.[8] Nneɛma a wɔtaa yɛ a na ɛsɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ Afrika ansa na atubrafo reba no sua no bi ne, asaw, kuayɛ, bobesa yɛ, aduannoa (mmea dodow no ara), na wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, nnipa a wɔapaw wɔn sua sɛnea wɔyɛ nhabannuru, sɛnea wodi adwini, sɛnea wodi adwini akatawia ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔde siesie fie.[9]

Asɛm a wɔka nso dii dwuma titiriw wɔ nhomasua mu wɔ Afrika ansa na atubrafo reba no mu.[10] Parents, other older members of households, and Griots used oral story telling to teach children about the history, norms and values of their state, household and community.[10]. Mmofra taa hyiam twa abasɛm kyerɛwfo no ho hyia a afei ɔka nsɛm, mpɛn pii no, wɔde nnipa a wɔyɛ wɔn ho mfonini di dwuma de ka nsɛm a ɛhyɛ nea ɛne ne ho hyia, osetie ne gyinapɛn ahorow te sɛ boasetɔ, nokwaredi, ne abrabɔ pa ho gyinapɛn afoforo a ɛho hia ma biakoyɛ wɔ mpɔtam hɔ ho nkuran.[10]

Wɔde afahyɛ ne amanne ahorow nso dii dwuma wɔ nsɛm dodow no ara mu sɛ akwan a wɔfa so kyerɛkyerɛ ofie anaa mpɔtam bi mufo nkumaa wɔn mantam anaa ɔman no abakɔsɛm.[9][10] Na wɔde amanne di dwuma titiriw de kyerɛkyerɛ mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔadu mpanyin afe so asɛyɛde ne akwanhwɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ mpanyin afe so te sɛ mmea a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔnoa aduan na wɔhwɛ ofie bi ne sɛnea wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mmarima no sɛnea wɔbɔ abɔmmɔ, wɔyɛ kua, wɔyɛ akatawia, ne nea ɛkeka ho[9]. Amanne bi a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛɛ mmeawa nkumaa mmeayɛ ho nhwɛso ne Dipo[11]. Wɔde saa amanne yi dii dwuma de kyerɛkyerɛɛ mmeawa nkumaa, mpɛn pii no, mmabun aduannoa, ɛnayɛ, ne mmeayɛ ho nimdeɛ ne gyinapɛn afoforo a ɛho hia ansa na wɔaware (wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nna mu dwumadi ahorow mu).[11]

Ebia wobehu Afrika nhomasua mfiase wɔ Egypt wɔ Afrika Atifi fam. Wɔde akwan a edi kan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔfa so sie nsɛm a edi mu so no biako, papyrus, dii dwuma de yɛɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde sua ade na wonya nsusuwii foforo[12][13]. Nokwarem no, nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim a edi kan wɔ Afrika no mu biako ne Kyerɛw Kronkron Sukuu a wosii wɔ Ethiopia ne Al-Azhar a na ɛwɔ Egypt no. Saa sukuu ahorow yi bɛyɛɛ amammerɛ ne adesua mmeae bere a nnipa pii tuu kwan fii wiase nyinaa kɔhwehwɛɛ nimdeɛ ne nkyerɛkyerɛ no. Ansa na wɔne abɔnten amammerɛ bedi nkitaho no, na Afrikafo ayɛ ntease ne nkyerɛkyerɛ nnwinnade ahorow.

Nhomasua ho nsɛm a wɔaka abom wɔ Afrika a na wɔyɛ atubrafo no

sesa

Atubrafo bere no mfiase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu no yɛɛ awiei no mfiase maa Afrikafo amammerɛ nhomasua sɛ ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so kyerɛkyerɛ. Europa asraafo dɔm, asɛmpatrɛwfo, ne atubrafo nyinaa bae a na wɔasiesie wɔn ho na wɔwɔ ɔpɛ sɛ wɔbɛsakra atetesɛm a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no ma wɔadi wɔn ankasa ahiade ne wɔn atirimpɔw ahorow ho dwuma. Atubra aman te sɛ Spain, Portugal, Belgium ne France yɛɛ asasepɔn no atubrafo a wɔamfa nhomasua nhyehyɛe biara anhyɛ mu. Esiane sɛ na atubrafo a wɔde wɔn adwene sii so titiriw ne mfaso a wobenya afi aguadi atubrafo sikasɛm mu, nnɔbae a wɔde sika yɛ, nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma a woyi, nnwuma afoforo a ɛyɛ den wɔ honam fam no dii kan. Saa sikasɛm ahorow yi antrɛw anhwehwɛ nnwuma a wɔn ho akokwaw kɛse anaa adwumayɛfo pii, enti na wɔhwehwɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ den a enhia ahokokwaw pii. Esiane tebea horow a ɛtete saa nti, na wɔnhwehwɛ pii sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ nnipa a wɔayɛ wɔn atubrafo no anaasɛ wɔbɛtete wɔn. Bio nso, na atubra aman a wɔyɛ atubrafo no mpɛ sɛ wɔde nhomasua bɛma wɔn a wɔyɛɛ wɔn atubrafo no gye sɛ ɛso ba wɔn mfaso. Atubra aman no mmu sika a wɔde bɛto Afrika nhomasua mu no sɛ ɛyɛ wɔn sika a wonya no a wɔde bedi dwuma yiye anaasɛ wɔkwatii sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ Afrikafo sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati atuatew biara. Na wɔn a wɔwɔ dibea ahorow no suro sɛ wobenya nhomasua a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛtrɛw pɔtee. Na atubrafo tumi ahorow taa hu wɔn ho wɔ akyinnyegye mu sɛ ebia wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ wɔn nnipa a wɔayɛ wɔn atubrafo no anaasɛ wɔrenkyerɛkyerɛ wɔn, na sɛ ɛte saa a, kodu baabi. Ne titiriw no, Britania Nhomasua Boayikuw a ɛwɔ Privy Council no kamfoo adwumayɛ ho adesua ne ntetee kyerɛe sen sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene besi nhomasua so. Nanso saa adwumayɛ ho ntetee yi buu n’ani guu nnwuma te sɛ mfiridwuma, mfiridwuma, anaa nsɛm a ɛtete saa so. Mmom no, na adwumayɛ ho ntetee no wɔ mmusuakuw mu nyiyim titiriw bi a esi Afrikafo ntetee a wɔde ma wɔ ahokokwaw a ɛne wɔn asetra ne adwene mu sintɔ a wosusuw sɛ wɔyɛ no hyia so dua. Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, Belgiumfo a na wɔwɔ Leopold II ase no baraa nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim wɔ wɔn atubra aman mu, bere a atubra aman afoforo de akwanside ahorow sii hɔ wɔ nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma anaa akwan a wɔbɛfa so anya mu te sɛ kasa a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ a wɔbɛto ano hye wɔ atubrafo no kasa mu, anohyeto a wɔde bɛhyɛ adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ mu, ne hwɛ a wɔbɛhwɛ sɛ adesua nhyehyɛe no yɛ saa ɛnna Afro-abusuakuw biara adi. Ɛdenam hwehwɛ a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ mpɔtam hɔfo yɛ honam fam sukuu ahorow a adesua nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ katee wom so no, amannɔne tumi horow no tumi kyerɛɛ nea nkurɔfo no suae, na wɔyɛɛ nsakrae wɔ mu de kɔɔ wɔn nhyehyɛe no anim. Ɛnyɛ sɛ eyi hyɛɛ ɔkwan foforo ne emu nsɛm so ma wɔkɔɔ nhomasua mu nko, na mmom egyee nimdeɛ a wonya fii nhomasua a ne fa kɛse no ara nyɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu no. Esiane sɛ na mpɔtam hɔfo nnim pii, na wɔantumi asua ade yiye, na titiriw no na wɔte nea atwam no ase nti, Afrikafo mpɔtam hɔfo fii ase so tew wɔ nhomasua ne yiyedi mu. Atubrafo ne nkɛntɛnso a basabasayɛ wom a enya wɔ nhomasua mu suban so no afa horow da so ara abu so wɔ Afrika aman a wɔda so ara repere sɛ wobeguan atubrafo nkɛntɛnso nnɛ no mu.

Nanso, nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2021 mu no kyerɛe sɛ ebia atubrafo nhomasua nhyehyɛe ahorow nso nyaa nkɛntɛnso pa bi wɔ nhomasua dodow so wɔ Afrika, a ɛne akontaabu. Na akontaabu a ɛkɔ soro ntɛmntɛm wɔ Afrika no renya nkɔanim ntɛmntɛm fi 1830 mfe no mu, nanso ɛkɔɔ so ntɛmntɛm wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfe aduonu a edi kan no mu. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ na atubrafo nhomasua yɛ ade a ɛkyerɛ nhomasua a eye. Ebia na abusuabɔ pa yi wɔ hɔ esiane mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛtrɛw Europa sukuu mu wɔ ɛhɔfo mu de ama atubrafo tumi ayɛ mmara kwan so de nti, efisɛ eyi maa sukuu ahorow ho nhyehyɛe yɛɛ ntɛmntɛm. Bere koro no ara mu no, na nhomasua a Europa na ɛkanyan no ho ahwehwɛde renya nkɔanim efisɛ atubrafo sikasɛm de hokwan foforo a wɔde kɔ amannɔne bae, na Afrika akuafo yɛɛ ho biribi[14]

Fransefo Atubrafo Afrika

sesa

Na nhomasua a wɔde dii dwuma sɛ adwinnade a wɔde yɛ atubrafo no trɛwee wɔ Franse Atubrafo Ahemman no nyinaa mu. Hubert Lyautey, Franse Morocco Tebea Panyin a odi kan no kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔbɛma nniso ne nkonimdi ayɛ mmerɛw denam biakoyɛ a wɔne ɛhɔfo atitiriw bɛyɛ so. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a abusuabɔ a ɛda saa "bourgeois" kuw yi a wɔyɛ francophone Afrikafo no bɛyɛ mmerɛw no, wɔhyehyɛɛ nhomasua asoɛe ahorow a wɔpaw wɔ Franse Ahemman no nyinaa mu.

Na Franse kasa nkyerɛkyerɛ wɔ Morocco sukuupɔn ahorow te sɛ Fez Sukuupɔn mu no atirimpɔw ne sɛ "ɛbɛhyɛ sikasɛm mu nkɔso ne amammui mu mmara sodi ho nkuran a wɔremfa asuafo no nnye wɔn ho anaasɛ wɔrensɛe wɔn ho anaasɛ wɔrensiesie wɔn mma amammui mu dwumadibea[15]. Saa nhyehyɛe yi maa atubrafo atumfoɔ tumi kyerɛkyerɛɛ Moroccofo kuw bi a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfo a wobetumi ayɛ nniso dwumadi ne dwumadi ahorow. Wɔ ne nhoma, French Colonial Education and the Making of the Francophone African Bourgeoisie, Program Chair of Africana Studies wɔ Washington ne Lee Sukuupɔn mu no, Mohamed Kamara kyerɛw sɛ, "Sɛnea ɔman ko a na atubrafo no wɔ n'adwenem no, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔbɔ nnipa atitiriw na ɔtete wɔn." a ɛbɛboa bere tenten biara a ɛbɛyɛ yiye wɔ ne nsasesin akɛse a ɛwɔ amannɔne no sohwɛ ne ne di mu".[16]

Wɔ adesuadan ahorow mu no, wɔmaa asuafo no adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ. Na adesuadan mu adeyɛ yi botae titiriw ne sɛ ɛbɛma asuafo no nsɛm kakraa bi pɛ na wɔapaw, na wɔagyaw kwan kakraa bi pɛ wɔ nsɛmmisa anaa nsusuwii a ɛyɛ katee mu. Mmusua kakraa bi pɛ na wɔmaa wɔn kwan sɛ wɔmfa wɔn mma nkɔ sukuu, na ɛne botae titiriw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛma Moroccofo a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ hɔ no nkutoo na wɔayɛ, a wɔbɛyɛ sɛ nkitahodi bi a ɛda aborɔfo atubrafo mpanyimfo ne nnipadɔm ntam no hyia.[15]

Britaniafo Atubrafo Afrika

sesa

Wobetumi de nneɛma atitiriw abiɛsa akyerɛ nhomasua wɔ Britania Atubrafo Afrika. Eyinom mu nea edi kan fi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei kosi sɛ Wiase Ko I no fii ase, afei Akodi Ntam Bere, ne awiei koraa no, Wiase Ko II baa awiei kosii ahofadi.

Efi Afeha a Ɛto so 19 awiei kosi Wiase Ko I no, asɛmpatrɛwfo a wɔwɔ asɛmpatrɛw sukuu ahorow mu na wɔyɛɛ Britania atubrafo nhomasua wɔ Afrika kɛse. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde nyamesom adwene na ɛhyehyɛɛ sukuu ahorow yi de, nanso edii dwuma titiriw wɔ mfitiase atubrafo mfiri no mu. Te sɛ Fransefo Atubrafo Afrika no, Britania atubrafo hwehwɛɛ kurom hɔfo a wɔka Borɔfo kasa a wobetumi ayɛ ‘nkitahodifo’ wɔ wɔne kurom hɔfo no ntam, nanso, wɔyɛɛ eyi fii sikasɛm mu nkuranhyɛ mu kɛse sen amammuisɛm.[17] Bere a Afrikafo a wɔka Borɔfo kasa a wɔhwehwɛ no yɛɛ kɛse no, asɛmpatrɛw sukuu ahorow de ntetee mae wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyerɛkyerɛ Bible no mu. Nanso bere a bere kɔɔ so no, Britania mfiridwumayɛfo fii ase nwiinwii wɔ adwumayɛfo a wɔn ho akokwaw a wonni ho, na sɛnea ɛte no, Britania Aban no maa asɛmpatrɛw sukuu ahorow no sika a wɔde bɛtete Afrikafo wɔ nnwuma ahorow a ɛho hia ma Britania mfiridwuma mu mmɔdenbɔ mu no adwumayɛ ho ntetee.

Britania atubrafo nhomasua a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Afrika wɔ Akodi Ntam Bere no mu no betumi ayɛ nea wɔde piapiaa biakoyɛ, ɛmfa ho sɛ atubrafo atumfoɔ ada no adi sɛ wonim nsonsonoe a ɛda nsow a ɛda Ahemman no mmeae ahorow ntam no denneennen no. Nea na ɛho hia kɛse wɔ eyi mu nso ne ɔman a wogye toom sɛ ɔman a obi fi mu yɛ hokwan titiriw wɔ Amanaman Apam no Apam no ase no. Na ɛsɛ sɛ awiei koraa no wɔma atubra aman, sɛnea Amanaman Apam no kyerɛ no, ahofadi, na wɔde Europa tumi horow no hyɛɛ wɔn nsa sɛ wɔnyɛ "anibuei" so ahwɛfo ma wɔn atubra aman no mu biara. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma atubra aman kwan ma wonya ahofadi bere a wɔatumi ada tumi a wɔwɔ sɛ wodi wɔn ho so adi pɛ. Wɔ kan Nigeria Amrado Panyin (1914–1919), Lord Lugard nhoma, 1922 mu, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa kyerɛw sɛ, .

"...mmfa amanehunu nhyɛn mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, anaasɛ wɔmfa wɔn mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ, wɔn ahoɔden, ne wɔn ahenkurow nni dwuma sɛ 'wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu' anaasɛ sɛ 'kapitalistfo adifudepɛfo', na mmom wɔ anibuei Ahyɛde no mmamu mu".[17]

Sɛnea eyi kyerɛ no, wɔ 1923 mu no, Britania Aban no hyehyɛɛ Afotufo Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Nhomasua So wɔ Britania Afrika a Ɛwɔ Ɔhyew Mu (a woyii asɛmfua ‘ɔhyew’ fii hɔ de trɛw ne tumidi mu). Bere a wɔde sii hɔ no, nea edi kan koraa no, na atubrafo tumidi no bedi ne nhomasua botae ahorow ho dwuma pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Britania Afrika atubra aman nyinaa mu. Na nhyehyɛe ahorow a wofii ase wɔ boayikuw foforo no ase no atirimpɔw ne sɛ wɔbɛma akuraa ase sikasɛm "a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu" akɔ soro na wɔbɛma mpɔtam hɔfo anya nkuranhyɛ a wɔde besiw wimhyɛn a wɔde kɔ nkurow akɛse mu no ano. Wɔbɛfrɛɛ nhomasua mu nneyɛe a ɛwɔ CEBA ase sɛ ‘wɔasakra’, efisɛ wɔhwehwɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsakra atɔe fam nhomasua ma ɛne Europafo nnɛyi ntease a ɛfa ‘Abibifo Adwene’ ho sɛ ɛyɛ soronko wɔ awosu mu no ho; na wɔtaa fa mpɔtam hɔ tebea ne nneyɛe so na ɛyɛ nhomasua, na saa bere no nyinaa na wɔkyerɛkyerɛ atɔe fam adesua nhyehyɛe. Wɔ n’asɛm a ɔkyerɛwee British Colonial Education in Africa: Policy and Practice in the Era of Trusteeship mu no, Aaron Windel a ɔwɔ Bowdoin College ka ho asɛm sɛ, .

"Adesua a wɔtaa yɛ wɔ akuraa ase sukuu a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nnyinasosɛm ahorow a wɔayɛ no foforo so no twee adwene sii ahotew, ɔmanfo kasa mu nsɛmfua a wɔkyekye, drill, ne mpɔtam hɔ asase ho nsɛm atitiriw so. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye no, wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ adesua ahorow wɔ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ 'kyerɛkyerɛ denam yɛ so' na wɔde nneɛma a efi akuraa ase asetra mu bɛka ho. Biako." asase ho adesua de sakre pɔmpɛ, nsu toa, ne akutu ketewaa bi dii dwuma de yɛɛ hyɛn bi a ɛde asikre fi India na wɔkyeree no wɔ osutɔbere mu ho mfonini ".".[17]

Britania mpanyimfo dodow no ara (a Lord Lugard ka ho) gye dii sɛ ahotoso bɛkɔ so wɔ awo ntoatoaso pii a ɛbɛba no mu, na botae ahorow a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛma ɛhɔfo no ‘ayɛ anibuei’ no fii ase dii kan. Atubrafo a wɔtraa ase no kɔɔ so yɛɛ soronko kɛse sɛnea abusuakuw kyerɛ no, na wɔkɔɔ so maa aborɔfo atubrafo no di kan wɔ asase kyekyɛ ne adwuma hokwan ahorow mu, ne mfaso afoforo.

Britania nhomasua nhyehyɛe no daa no adi sɛ etu mpɔn yiye. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2021 mu no huu nkɛntɛnso pa a Britaniafo atubrafo no nyae wɔ nhomasua mu. Mmeae a Britania nhomasua nhyehyɛe no nyaa so nkɛntɛnso no daa nkɔanim adi ntɛmntɛm wɔ akontaabu mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ South Africa – faako a atubrafo nhomasua ne amammui nhyehyɛe dan fii Dutchfo so kɔɔ Britaniafo so wɔ 1806 mu no – akontaabu nyaa nkɔanim ntɛmntɛm fi afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase. Ɛte sɛ nea ahotoso a wɔde too mpɔtam hɔ nneɛma ne kasa ahorow so wɔ nhomasua mu ne asɛmpatrɛw adwuma a Afrikafo na wɔhwɛ so kɛse no nyaa nkɛntɛnso pa.[14]

Bere a na sukuu ahorow a Britaniafo di so no renya nkɔso wɔ Akodi Ntam Bere no mu no, sukuu ahorow bi a wɔde wɔn ho a wɔde wɔn adwene si akenkan ne akyerɛw so na wɔde adesua nhyehyɛe foforo ma fii ase bae. Wosusuwii sɛ sukuu ahorow a ɛtete saa no yɛ asiane ma atubrafo nhyehyɛe no na na atubrafo nniso ahorow no haw sɛ saa sukuu ahorow a wɔfrɛ no ‘mmara mmara’ yi de adwene a ɛfa ɔman asetutu ne atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia ho bɛhyɛ kurom hɔfo no mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ sukuu biako a ɛde ne ho a ɛte saa wɔ Kenya wɔ Kikuyufo mu, na wɔde Borɔfo kasa yɛɛ ne kasa a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ, a na botae titiriw ne sɛ ɛbɛma Kikuyufo atumi ako ama asase ho hokwan ahorow wɔ atubrafo mmara ne nniso ahyehyɛde ahorow mu. Bere kɔɔ so no, bere a nkate a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo no nyaa nkɔso no, atubrafo aban no buu sukuu ahorow a wɔde wɔn ho no kɛse sɛ mmeae a ahofadi ho akodifo ne ahofadi ho akamfofo awo, na ɛno kowiee sɛ wɔbaraa wɔn wɔ 1952 mu sɛ Mau Mau Ntɛmntɛm no fa.[17]

Nhomasua wɔ Afrika a wɔtraa ase wɔ atubrafo akyi

sesa

Wɔ afe 2000 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom no gyee Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow, nkɔso botae ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ ama afe 2015 no toom, titiriw no, "sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ebedu afe 2015 no, mmofra a wɔwɔ baabiara, mmarimaa ne mmeawa nyinaa betumi awie mfitiase sukuu adesua a edi mũ." ."[18]. Saa afe no ara mu no, Wiase Nyinaa Nhomasua Nhyiamu no hyiaa wɔ Dakar, Senegal, na wɔgyee Dakar Nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma no toom a ɛsan sii botaeɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛnya Nhomasua ama Obiara wɔ afe 2015 mu no so dua.[19]

Saa bere no, sɛnea UNESCO kyerɛ no, Afrika mmofra 57% pɛ na wɔde wɔn din kɔ mfitiase sukuu ahorow mu, na ɛno ne dodow a ɛba fam koraa wɔ ɔmantam biara a wɔyɛɛ mu nhwehwɛmu no mu.[20]. Amanneɛbɔ no daa pɛyɛ a enni mmarima ne mmea ntam nso adi: ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔ aman nyinaa mu no, mmarimaa a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din no boro mmeawa de so koraa. Nanso, wɔ aman bi mu no, nhomasua mu yɛ den kakra. Wɔ Zimbabwe no, akenkan ne akyerɛw adu 92% .[21]

Anamɔn te sɛ sukuu ka a woyii fii hɔ, sika a wɔde hyɛɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ nhyehyɛe ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu, ne sukuu aduan a efi Wiase Nyinaa Aduan Dwumadibea hɔ no boa ma nnipa a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din no kɔɔ soro ɔpepem pii. Nanso ɛmfa ho nkɔso kɛse a aman pii anya no, wiase no antumi anni ne botae a ɛne Amansan Mfitiase Nhomasua (UPE) no ho dwuma. Wɔ Afrika Sahara anafoɔ fam de bɛsi afe 2013 no, mmofra a wɔadu mfitiaseɛ sukuu no mu bɛyɛ 79% pɛ na wɔde wɔn din kɔ sukuu[22] Na mmofra ɔpepem 59 a wɔadu mfitiase sukuu mfe mu nkɔ sukuu,[23] na mmeawa a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din no kɔɔ so dii mmarimaa de akyi. Nsonsonoe a ɛda mmarima ne mmea ntam no fa bi fi mmea a wɔayi wɔn afi sukuu mu esiane sɛ wɔanyinsɛn nti.[24]

Wɔ afe 2015 mu akyi no, UN gyee Nkɔsoɔ a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botaeɛ ahodoɔ bi toom maa afe 2030. Botaeɛ a ɛtɔ so nnan no kaa nwomasua ho, a na botaeɛ a wɔaka no ne sɛ "ɛbɛhwɛ sɛ nwomasua a ɛyɛ papa bɛka nnipa nyinaa ho na ɛyɛ pɛ na wɔama obiara anya nkwa nna nyinaa adesua hokwan.[23] Wiase Nyinaa Nhomasua Nhyiamu no nso hyiaam wɔ Incheon, Korea sɛ wɔrebɛka botaeɛ yi a wɔde bedi dwuma ho asɛm, na wɔgyee Incheon Mpaemuka a ɛfa Nhomasua ho 2030. Nsɛm a ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a akwan a ɛtwa toɔ no anya wɔ tebea a ɛwɔ nwomasua mu kyɛfa a ɛwɔ Afrika aman mu no so no, ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛnya. Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛde ba a esiw nkɔso a ɛba wɔ nhomasua mu pɛyɛ mu no kwan, te sɛ asuafo a wɔyera kɛse, akyerɛkyerɛfo a wonni, nnwuma ne nneɛma a ɛnyɛ papa, nhomasua a wobenya ama nkuraase ne mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, ne animtiaabu a atwa akuw a wɔato wɔn hintidua ho ahyia, ne afoforo pii

Kasa

sesa

Esiane kasa ahodoɔ a ɛkɔ soro, atubrafoɔ agyapadeɛ, ne hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔnya nimdeɛ wɔ amanaman ntam kasa te sɛ Borɔfo ne Franse kasa mu wɔ adwumayɛ ne nwomasua a ɛkɔ akyiri mu nti, sukuu dodoɔ no ara kɔ so wɔ Afrika wɔ kasa ahodoɔ a akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ ne asuafoɔ nka wɔ kurom hɔ, ne ebinom mu nsɛm no nte ase kɛkɛ. Adanse pii wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ asuafo a wɔde wɔn kɔ sukuu wɔ kasa a ɛto so abien mu no nnya nkɔso a enye sen wɔn a wɔkɔ sukuu wɔ wɔn kurom kasa mu no, efisɛ kasa a ɛto so abien no mu nimdeɛ a wonni no sɛe ntease na ɛhyɛ adesua a wɔde hyɛ wɔn tirim a entu mpɔn ho nkuran[25][26] Ɛwom sɛ UNESCO akamfo akyerɛ fi 1950 mfe no mu sɛ wɔnkyerɛkyerɛ mmofra akenkan ne akyerɛw ntɛm wɔ wɔn kurom kasa mu, na wɔanya nkɔso akyiri yi akɔ kasa afoforo mu de, nanso ɛnyɛ Afrika aman nyinaa na wɔde eyi di dwuma yiye. Baabi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ adesua a edi kan wɔ ɛna kasa mu mpo no, wɔtaa hyɛ asuafo ma wɔdan kɔ kasa horow te sɛ Borɔfo ne Franse kasa mu ansa na wɔanya kasa horow yi mu nimdeɛ.[27]

Nneɛma a ɛfata ne akyerɛkyerɛfo a wonni

sesa

Ade foforo nti a nhomasua dodow sua wɔ Afrika ne sukuu dan a ɛfata a enni hɔ ne nhomasua hokwan a ɛnyɛ pɛ wɔ aman ahorow so. Sukuu pii a ɛwɔ Afrika nyinaa hu sɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya akyerɛkyerɛfo adwuma esiane akatua a ɛba fam ne nnipa a wɔfata a wonni nti. Eyi te saa titiriw wɔ sukuu ahorow a ɛwɔ mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no fam. Nnipa dodow no ara a wotumi nya nhomasua bɛpɛ sɛ wotu kɔ nkurow akɛse mu anaa amannɔne mpo a hokwan pii ne akatua a ɛkɔ soro retwɛn wɔn. Enti, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, adesuakuw dodow bɛdɔɔso dodo na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, sukuufo dodow a ɛkɔ soro wɔ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo biara mu wɔ sukuu bi mu. Bio nso, akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ no taa yɛ wɔn a wɔnfata a wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛ mmoa ne/anaasɛ adesua nwoma kakraa bi na wɔde ma. Esiane eyi nti, mmofra a wɔkɔ sukuu wɔ nkuraase no taa nnya aba a enye wɔ sɔhwɛ ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu bere a wɔde toto wɔn mfɛfo a wɔwɔ nkurow akɛse mu no ho no. Yebetumi ahu eyi wɔ amanneɛbɔ ahorow a Afrika Atifi ne Apuei Fam Kuw a Ɛhwɛ Nhomasua Pa So (SACMEQ) de mae no mu.[28]. Wɔn a wɔreyɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow no wɔ nkuraase no nkontaa a ɛba fam koraa sen wɔn a wɔwɔ nkurow nketewa ne nkurow akɛse mu no. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wonni nhomasua hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ a wɔde ma mmofra a wofi ɔman koro no ara mmeae ahorow.

Esiane sɛ akyerɛkyerɛfo ntumi nyɛ adwuma yiye sen afoforo a wɔwɔ nkurow akɛse mu nti, nkyerɛkyerɛ a wɔde ma adesua tebea no nya nkɛntɛnso wɔ asuafo no mu. Wɔ asɛm bi mu no akyerɛkyerɛfo yɛɛ sɔhwɛ koro no ara a wɔn sukuufo yɛe no na na wɔn mu nkyem anan mu abiɛsa adi nkogu[29] Nea ɛka ho no, wɔn a wonnya nhomasua te sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ nkurow akɛse mu no wɔ ɔhaw wɔ akenkan, akyerɛw, ne akontaabu mu bere a wɔawie mpo no[30] Asuafo a wonnya nhomasua a ɛyɛ pɛ te sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ nkurow akɛse mu no nnya nea efi mu ba koro no ara wɔ nkonimdi a wɔde besi hɔ wɔ adwuma bi mu no mu. Esiane sɛ nhomasua yɛ ade titiriw a ɛhaw adwene wɔ adwuma a wobenya ne daakye a wɔde besi hɔ nti, ɛsɛ sɛ Afrika hu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhomasua a ɛyɛ pɛ si hɔ wɔ sukuu ahorow nyinaa mu wɔ aman no mu nyinaa.

Tu a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo

sesa

Tu a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo no ama wɔahwere nnipa a wɔasua nhoma yiye na wɔahwere sika. Nnipa a wɔn ho akokwaw a wɔhwere no, wobetumi de ɛka kɛse foforo a ɛkyerɛ sika a wɔhwere de kyerɛkyerɛ nnipa a wofi hɔ ne nnipa foforo a wɔde besi wɔn ananmu nkutoo besi ananmu. Ɛwom mpo sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ GDP mu sika a wɔde hyɛ nhomasua mu no 5.5% de, nanso .[31] adehwere no ma ɛyɛ den ma aban no sɛ wɔbɛyɛ sika foforo wɔ nhomasua mu efisɛ ɛho behia sɛ wɔde ahiade afoforo te sɛ asraafo sikasɛm ne ɛka a wɔbɔ no di kan.[32]

Amammerɛ

sesa

Atɔe Famfo nhwɛso ne gyinapɛn ahorow da so ara di Afrika nhomasua so. Esiane atubrafo nti Afrika ahyehyɛde ahorow, titiriw sukuupɔn ahorow, da so ara de adesua nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛfa Euro ho a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛne Afrika asetra nni abusuabɔ biara na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ. Eyi kɔ so kɔ so denam Europa ne Amerika nhoma ahorow a wɔde fi amannɔne ba a wɔde di dwuma no so. Nnipa pii bu wɔn ho a wonni yi sɛ nkɛntɛnso a ɛkɔ so a efi atubrafo a nnɛyi Afrikafo atitiriw a wɔadi amim no gyina akyi. Saa su yi gyina nea ɛne sɛ wɔ atubrafo bere mu no, Afrikafo a wodi tumi no de wɔn ankasa nkurɔfo dii dwuma de hwehwɛɛ wɔn ankasa mfaso mmom sen sɛ wɔbɛkamfo wɔn ankasa nkurɔfo yiyedi.

Wiase Nyinaa Nsu Ho Ahokyere

sesa

Wiase nyinaa nsu ho ahokyere no nya nhomasua so nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ nkuraase aman a ɛwɔ Afrika no mu. Nhomasua ne akwahosan ho nsɛm a wontumi nnya pii no betumi ayɛ kɛse bio esiane nsu nhyehyɛe a ɛnsɛ anaa nyarewa a ebetumi adi akyi nti. Malaria, a wɔka sɛ ɛyɛ ade titiriw a ɛde owu ba wɔ Afrika[33], yɛ yare a nwansena de ba a wɔtaa hu wɔ atare a nsu a ɛyɛ komm a wɔanhwɛ so no mu. Nwansena no wo wɔ atare a ɛtete saa mu na nea efi mu ba ne sɛ, mmofra a wɔnom nsa fi saa atare yi mu no tumi wuwu anaasɛ wɔyare denneennen. Bio nso, akyiri yi yare a emu yɛ den saa betumi aka mmofra a wɔyare wɔ wɔn mmofraase no adwene mu tumi. Ɛnyɛ abɔde mu nkwaadɔm nko na eyi fa ho na mmom sɛ nea efi yare mu ba nso: mmofra a wɔankɔ sukuu kɛse no ntumi nyɛ wɔn nhomasua yiye esiane adesua a wɔpa nti.

Asraafo ne Ntawntawdi

sesa

Asraafo sika a wɔsɛe no no rema sika a wɔsɛe wɔ nhomasua ho no so atew kɛse. Sɛnea amanneɛbɔ bi a UNESCO de mae wɔ March 2011 mu kyerɛ no, akode a wɔde di ako ne ade a ɛde nhomasua to asiane mu kɛse wɔ Afrika. Bere a wɔn a wogyae sukuukɔ dodow akɔ soro kɛse wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa no, nkɛntɛnso biako a ɔko ne ntawntawdi anya wɔ nhomasua so ne ɔman sika a wɔdan fi nhomasua so kɔ sraadi ho sika a wɔsɛe no so. Nhyehyɛe bi a wonnya sika pii dedaw no rehwere sika pii. Wɔakyerɛ sɛ Afrika aman 21 na wɔsɛe sika kɛse wɔ wɔn man mu nneɛma nyinaa mu wɔ asraafo ho wɔ wiase nyinaa bere a wɔde toto sika a wɔde kɔ nhomasua ho no ho. Asraafo ne ntawntawdi nso ma mmofra tu fi wɔn afie mu. Ɛtaa hyɛ wɔn ma wɔtra nsraban mu anaasɛ woguan kɔ aman a ɛbemmɛn wɔn a nhomasua nni hɔ a wiase no rebɛpae ama wɔn.[34]

Mmarimaa ne mmeawa a wɔayi wɔn afi nhomasua mu kɛse wɔ Afrika ne mfe a wɔadi mpo, titiriw wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam.[35]. Wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no, mmeawa 3 biara mu 2 wie mfitiase sukuu na 10 biara mu 4 pɛ na wowie ntoaso sukuu[36]

Nneɛma bi a ɛde eyi ba ebia ohia, mmabun nyinsɛn, adesua nneɛma a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho a enni hɔ, ne nnipa a wɔdɔɔso dodo, ne nneɛma afoforo te sɛ sukuu a wɔbɛkɔ akyiri, adwuma a emu yɛ duru, HIV/AIDS, ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam nsusuwii hunu, mmea akyerɛkyerɛfo kakraa bi, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna- basabasayɛ a egyina so ka afoforo ho[37]

Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso

sesa

Afrika Aman Nkabom Kuo no ne afoforo ayɛ nnwuma bi de ama nwomasua atu mpɔn wɔ Afrika kasa mu. Wɔahyɛ afe 2024 agyirae sɛ ɛyɛ Nhomasua afe.[38] Nneɛma a wɔayɛ de ama nhomasua atu mpɔn wɔ Afrika no bi ne:

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

sesa

Nneɛma a wonya fi mu

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 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Digital Services for Education in Africa, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}

Akenkan a ɛkɔ akyiri

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  • Ajayi, J. F. A., Lameck, K. H. Goma ne G. Ampah Johnson. Afrika Osuahu a ɛfa Nhomasua a Ɛkɔ Anim ho (Accra: Afrika Sukuupɔn Fekuw, 1996).
  • Ashby, Eric, ne Mary Anderson, na wɔyɛ saa. Suapɔn ahorow: Britania, India, Afrika: Adesua a ɛfa Abɔde a Nkwa Wom a Ɛwɔ Nhomasua a Ɛkɔ Anim Ho (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966).
  • Dilger, Hansjörg, na ɔkyerɛwee. Adesua Abrabɔ Pa, Pɛyɛ a Ɛnsɛ, ne Gyidie: Kristofoɔ ne Nkramofoɔ Sukuu a ɛwɔ Tanzania (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press & International African Institute, 2022).
  • Fafunwa, A. Babs, ne ɔkyerɛwfo. Nhomasua ho Abakɔsɛm wɔ Nigeria (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974).
  • Kyakyatow, Harry. Fransefoɔ Atɔeɛ Afrika a wɔresi akan: Akodie a ɛfa Sukuu ne Atubrafoɔ Nhyehyɛeɛ ho, 1900-1950 (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. intanɛt so nhwehwɛmu
  • Harper, Jim C. Atɔeɛ famfoɔ a wɔasua adeɛ wɔ Kenya, 1900-1963: Afrika Amerikafoɔ adeɛ (Routledge, 2005).
  • Kithinji, Michael Mwenda na ɔkyerɛwee. "Ahemman adwuma: Afrika Apuei Fam Sukuupɔn a wɔyɛe ne nea wɔbubuu, 1949–1969." Canada Nsɛmma Nhoma a Ɛfa Afrika Adesua Ho/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 46.2 (2012): 195–214.
  • Livesey, Timoteo, na ɔkyerɛwee. "Ahemman Nnɛyi Nneɛma a Wɔyɛ Ho Mfonini: Sukuupɔn ne Afrika Atɔe Fam Ntini a Ɛfa Atubrafo Nkɔso Ho." Ahemman ne Amanaman Nkabom Abakɔsɛm Nsɛmma Nhoma 44#6 (2016): 952–975.
  • Lulat, YGM "Nkɔso a ɛbaa nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim wɔ Afrika: Abakɔsɛm mu nhwehwɛmu." wɔ Damtew Teferra ne Philip G. Altbach, a wɔkyerɛwee no mu. Afrikafo nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim: Amanaman ntam nhwehwɛmu nhoma (2003): 15–31.
  • Mills, David, na ɔkyerɛwee. "Asetra wɔ koko so: asuafo ne Makerere asetra mu abakɔsɛm." Afrika 76.2 (2006): 247–266.
  • Njagi, Mwangi Daniel, na ɔkyerɛwee. Ahemman Nhomasua ne Amanyɔsɛm mu Akannifoɔ Ho Ɔhaw wɔ Atubrafoɔ Akyi Kenya ( Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2011) online .
  • Nwauwa, Apollos O. Ahemman, Adesua ne Ɔmampɛ: Britain ne Sukuupɔn Nhomasua ma Afrikafo, 1860–1960 (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
  • Ogunlade, Festus O. "Nhomasua ne Amanyɔsɛm wɔ Atubrafo Nigeria: Ɔhene Kɔlege, Lagos (1906–1911) asɛm." Nigeria Abakɔsɛm Kuw no Nsɛmma Nhoma 7#2 (1974): 325–345.
  • Okafor, N. Suapɔn ahorow a ɛwɔ Nigeria no nkɔso (London: Longman, 1971).
  • Teferra, Damtew ne Philip G. Altbach, a wɔkyerɛwee. Afrikafo nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim: Amanaman ntam nhoma a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm (2003) .
  • Whitehead, Clive, na ɔkyerɛwee. "'Akwan Abien Twe' ne Sukuupɔn Nhomasua a Wɔde Besi hɔ wɔ Britania Atɔe Fam Afrika." Nhomasua ho Abakɔsɛm 16#2 (1987): 119–133.

Abɔnten so nkitahodi ahorow

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  1. ↑ "Help Children in Africa". Save The Children. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  2. ↑ "Education". unicef.org. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  3. ↑ Moyo, Bhekinkosi. "A new era for African philanthropy". Alliance Magazine. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "Literacy - the World Factbook".
  5. ↑ Herbest, Jeffery (2000). "Power and Space in Pre-Colonial Africa". States and Power in Africa. Princeton University Press. pp. 35–57.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lord, Jack (Winter 2011). "Child Labor in the Gold Coast: The Economics of Work, Education, and the Family in Late-Colonial African Childhoods, c. 1940-57". The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 4: 88–115. doi:10.1353/hcy.2011.0005. S2CID 143683964 – via Project Muse.
  7. ↑ Michael A. Kwamena-Poh (1975). "The Traditional Informal System of Education In Pre-colonial Ghana". Présence Africaine. 95 (3): 269–283. doi:10.3917/PRESA.095.0269. JSTOR 24349566.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hymer, Stephen (1970). "Economic Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana" (PDF). The Journal of Economic History. 30 (1): 33–50. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078578. hdl:10419/160011. JSTOR 2116722. S2CID 154689928.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bentor, Eli (2019). "Warrior Masking, Youth Culture, and Gender Roles: Masks and History in Aro Ikeji Festival". African Arts. 52: 34–45. doi:10.1162/afar_a_00445. S2CID 59413429.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Kaschula, Russell H (1999). "Imbongi And Griot: Toward A Comparative Analysis Of Oral Poetics In Southern And West Africa". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 12: 55–76. doi:10.1080/13696819908717840.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Marijke, Steegstra (2005). Dipo and the politics of culture in Ghana. Accra Newtown, Ghana: Woeli Publication. ISBN 998862655X.
  12. ↑ Karel, Van Der Toorn (July–August 2018). "Egyptian Papyrus shed light on Jewish History". Biblical Archaeology Review. 44 (4): 32–39, 66, 68.
  13. ↑ Hartnett, Koepfle, Dana, Lauren (Fall 2011). "Exploring the Rhind Papyrus". Ohio Journal of School Mathematics. 64: 31–35, 5 – via Education Source.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Baten, Joerg; Cappelli, Gabriele (2021). "Numeracy development in Africa: new evidence from a long-term perspective (1730-1970)". Journal of Development Economics. 150: 102630. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102630. ISSN 0304-3878. S2CID 233564174 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Segalla, Spencer D. (2003-05-09). "Georges Hardy and Educational Ethnology in French Morocco, 1920-26". French Colonial History. 4 (1): 171–190. doi:10.1353/fch.2003.0026. ISSN 1543-7787. S2CID 145432128.
  16. ↑ Kamara, Mohamed (2005). "French Colonial Education and the Making of the Francophone African Bourgeoisie". Dalhousie French Studies. 72: 105–114. ISSN 0711-8813. JSTOR 40837624.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Windel, Aaron (2009). "British Colonial Education in Africa: Policy and Practice in the Era of Trusteeship". History Compass. 7 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00560.x. ISSN 1478-0542.
  18. ↑ "Millennium Development Goals Goal 2 Fact Sheet" (PDF). un.org. September 2010. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  19. ↑ "Education for All | Education | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  20. ↑ "Regional overview: sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). unesco.org. 2008. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  21. ↑ "SA can learn a thing or two from Zimbabwe's education system".
  22. ↑ [permanent dead link]
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Goal 4 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform". sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  24. ↑ "Africa: Make Girls' Access to Education a Reality". Human Rights Watch. 16 June 2017.
  25. ↑ Walter, S. L. (2015). Mother Tongue-based Education in Developing Countries: Some emerging insights. Researchgate.net.
  26. ↑ Dutcher, N. in collaboration with Tucker, G. R. (1997). The Use of First and Second Languages in Education: A Review of Educational Experience, Washington D.C., World Bank, Country Department III.
  27. ↑ Mehrotra, S. (1998). Education for All: Policy Lessons From High-Achieving Countries. UNICEF Staff Working Papers, New York, Unicef.
  28. ↑ SACMEQ III. "SACMEQ III Project Results: Pupil achievement levels in reading and mathematics Working Document Number 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  29. ↑ "End It, Don't Mend It - Our Falling Education Standards." Africa News Service 15 Dec. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 19 July. 2013
  30. ↑ "Sub-Saharan Africa Strengthens Advocacy for Quality Education." Africa News Service 10 June 2011. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 19 July. 2013.
  31. ↑ "South Africa: fast facts". Archived from the original on 2008-07-19.
  32. ↑ Watkins, Kevin. "Basic education for all Africans". Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  33. ↑ Dean T. Jamison; et al., eds. (2006). Disease and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 0-8213-6398-0. OCLC 70106796.
  34. ↑ "War Hurting Learning in Continent". Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  35. ↑ "Education in Africa". uis.unesco.org. 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  36. ↑ STUDY 2024-2 Africa Teachers Reports Series.pdf (unesco.org)
  37. ↑ Muhanguzi, Florence Kyoheirwe (2021), Yacob-Haliso, Olajumoke; Falola, Toyin (eds.), "Women and Girls' Education in Africa: Changes and Continuities", The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2375–2392, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_34, ISBN 978-3-030-28099-4, retrieved 2024-05-29
  38. ↑ "Africa is the world's youngest continent – education is key to unlocking its potential". The Guardian. 2024-02-19. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
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