Abibifoɔ akwantuo kɔ Europa
Afrika akwantufoɔ a wɔwɔ Europa yɛ wɔn a wɔte Europa mprempren nanso wɔwoo wɔn wɔ Afrika.
Abakwasɛm
sesaWɔ woo Roma Ɔhempɔn Septimius Severus wɔ Afrika Atifi, Ɛkuro a sesei ɛde Libia. Wɔ Roman tumidie bere so no, (Afrika) abibiman atififoɔ no tuu kwan kɔtenaa Britania man no mu. Sɛ wo hunu Britania mmranteɛ nsia bi a na wɔn kura ɛdin bi a yɛntaa mfa to a na wɔn yɛ Y-Chromosome haplogroup a na wɔn nkyi firi (Afrika) (borrowed ) Abibirem Sahara Anafoɔ afam wɔ bɛyɛ mfeɛ ɔha ne du-nsia (116) ne akyire
Akwantuo akwan
sesaƐfiri afe apem aha nkron aduosia (1960) no, Morocco, Algeria, ne Tunisia na na ɛyɛ aman a akwantufoɔ fa so tu kwan firi Afrika kɔ Europa, na afeha aduonu (20) awieeɛ no, na atukɔtenafoɔ pii na na wɔn nkyi firi saa aman yi so. Wɔ afe apem aha nkron aduoson mmiɛnsa (1973) Fangoo ho nsɛmsɛm a ɛbaeɛ no, akwantuo nhyehyɛe ho asɛm yɛɛ den wɔ Europa aman no mu.
Na ɛnyɛ n'atirimpɔw a na ɛtaa n'akyi ne sɛ Afrika Atifi akwantuo bɛbrɛase na mmom, ɛbɛhyɛ atukɔtenafoɔ no nkuran na na woayɛ nhyehyɛe na akwantufoɔ ne wɔn mmusua atena hɔ afebɔɔ. Akwantufoɔ dodoɔ no ara firi Magreb tu kwan kɔ France, Netherlands, Belgium ne Gyaaman. Spain ne Italy bɛkaa Europa aman a na Magreb akwantufoɔ no taa kɔ hɔ paa denam adwumayɛfoɔ dodoɔ a na wohia wɔ saa aman yi mu wɔ afe apem aha nkron aduowɔtwe (1980) no fa a ɛtwa toɔ no mu.
Spain ne Italy de mmara ne akwantufoɔ ho nhyehyɛe ne nkrataasɛm ma Maghreb akwantufoɔ no wɔ afe apem aha nkron aduokron (1990) mfitiaseɛ no, denam akwantufoɔ a wɔfa kwati kwan so tu kwan a na ɛredɔɔso wɔ Mediteranea Po no so. Ɛfiri mfeɛ mpem mmienu (2000), kwati kwan so akwantuo trɛw kɔɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ aman no.
Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu de kɔ sii mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne num mu (2000-2005) ntam no, nnipa dodow bɛyɛ 440,000 na wofiri Afrika tuu kwan, dodow no ara kɔɔ Europa. Kwankyerɛfoɔ ma "International Migration Institute" wɔ "Oxford' Sukuupɔn, Hein de Haas ma baguam ɔkasa bi a na ɛfa Abibifoɔ akwantuo kɔ Europa de kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ, ɛyɛ akwantuo a, atukɔfoɔ no dodow no fa kwati kwan so tu kwan esiane ohiaa anaa basabasayɛ nti. ɔtoaa so sɛ, kwati kwan akwantufoɔ no mu pii yɛ nea wosua nhoma, na afei wobɛsan atumi atua wɔn Europa akwantuo no nyinaa a. ɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ nea ama akwantuo firi Afrika kɔ Europa no akɔ soro no yɛ atukɔfoɔ adwumayɛfo a wohia wɔn ma woayɛ nwuma nketekete mu anaa nwuma a ɛba fam.
Akwantufoɔ no dodow no ara wɔ wɔn botae nti wɔde retu akwan. ɔde kaa ho sɛ, Daworobɔkuo ne nipa dodow no ara bu obi a ofa po so tu kwan, wɔn a wɔkura nsrahwɛ akwantuo krataa, woakyinkyim wɔn nkrataasɛm ahodow anaa anaa wɔfaa Spain nkurow Ceuta ne Melilla. ɔde kaa ho bio sɛ, atukɔfo dodow no ara fa kwan pa so tu akwan de nanso wotena Europa boro bere anaa mfe dodow a wode ama wɔn no. Saa ara na akwantuo ho nimdefo Stephen Castles nso kaa sɛ "ɛmfa ho ne dawurobɔkuo no ani a ayɛ krakra wɔ Abibifoɔ akwantuo kɔ Europa no, nipa dodow no ankasa sua- ɛmfa ho sɛ Europa akwantuo ho akontaabu ankasa biara nni hɔ.
"Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development" (OECD), de too gua sɛ, atukɔfo a wofi Afrika kɔ aman a wodi yiye no sua sen akwantu kɔ wiase afanaa nyinaa. BBC bɔɔ amaneɛ wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nson (2007) sɛ, "International Organization for Migration" bu akonta sɛ bibifoɔ bɛyɛ mpempem 4.6 na wɔte Europa nanso "Migration Policy Institute" bu akonta sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ mpempem 7 - mpempem 8 ntam na wɔde kwati kwan te Europa a wɔyɛ Abibifoɔ.
Kwati kwan Akwantuo
sesa
Kwati kwan a Abibifoɔ fa so kɔ Europa no kyɛre biribi. Nnipa a wɔfiri Afrika aman a wonyaa nkɔsoɔ no de wɔn nkwa to asiane mu fa kwati kwan biara so tu kwan sɛ worekɔ Europa akɔpɛ yiedie. Wɔ Afrika aman ahorow bi mu no, titiriw ne Morocco, Mauritania ne Libia no, nnipa a wɔde wɔn fa sum ase kɔ Europa aman mu no yɛ nea sika pii wom sen nnubɔne ho gua a wɔdi no sum ase. Amaneɛbɔ de ba sɛ ahyɛmma anaa ɔkorow na kwati kwan so akwantufoɔ no taa de te Mediteranea Po no kɔ Europa, ebinom no nso fa Spain nsaase Ceuta ne Melilla. Kwati kwan so atukɔfo yi de wɔn nkwa to asiane kɛse mu, ebinom pira na afoforo mpo wu, bere a wɔrefa kwan bɔne so retu kwan akɔ Europa, wɔn nso a wɔn nsa aka guankɔbea a wɔkɔ srɛ no nso no, wɔsan de wɔn ba Afrika. Libia ne beaeɛ pɔtee pa ara a, kwati kwan so akwantufoɔ no taa fa hɔ kɔ Europa.
Wɔ Ahinime (October) bosome wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu du mmiɛnsa (2013) ne Ahinime mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du nan (2014) ntam no, Italy aban no de nhyehyɛe bi a wɔtoo din Operahyɛn Mate Nostrum, wim ne po so nhyehyɛe ne dwumadie a na wɔde bɛbrɛ kwati kwan so akwantuo kɔ Europa aman mu, na wɔde gye akwantufoɔ a wɔhyia hyɛman anaa po so asiane anaa akwanhyia wɔ Lampedusa Mpoano. Na ɛho abɛhia sɛ Italy po so asraafo fo no dodow na wɔde wɔn di saa dwuma yi nti, Italy aban no twaa nhyehyɛe no mu. Nhyehyɛe foforo, Operahyɛn Titron, a ɛhyɛ Europa Nkabomkuo (EU) asoeɛ a wɔhwɛ ɔhyeɛ so, Frontex, nsa na wɔde sii anam mu. Europa aman binom te sɛ Britania agye saa nhyehyɛe no antom esiane sɛ na wɔsusuw sɛ saa nhyehyɛe te sɛ Mare Nostrum ne Triton na ɛbɛhyɛ kwati kwan ho akwantuo nkuran.
Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du-nan (2014) mu no, kwati kwan atukɔfoɔ 170,000 na wɔfaa po so kɔɔ Italy (na ɛboro nnipa 42,925 a wɔkɔɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du mmiɛnsa (2013) mu), atukɔfoɔ 141,484 na wɔfaa Libia tu kwan no. Na wɔn mu dodoɔ no firi Asiria, Afrika Atifi Apueɛ ne Afrika atɔeɛ.
Asɛm yi san bɛgyee ntini wɔ wiase afanan nyinaa bere a akwantufoɔ po so nhyɛn no guu nsuo no mu, na bɛkaa ɔhaw a ɛrekɔso so wɔ Mediteranea Po so akwantuo ho amaneɛbɔ wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du-num (2015) mu. Wiase nyinaa kuw a wɔhwɛ Akwantusɛm (International Organization for Migration) akontabuo kyerɛ sɛ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du-num (2015) mfiase ne Oforisuo (April) mfimfini ntam no, akwantufoɔ 21,000 na wɔkɔ duu Italy mpoano, akwantufoɔ 900 nso na wɔ wuwuiɛ wɔ Mediteranea Po no so. Wɔn a wɔkasa tia Europa Kwati Kwan Akwantuo nhyehyɛe no kyerɛ sɛ, Operahyɛn Mare Nostrum a wɔtwaa mu no ammu akwantufoɔ no abam, na Titron a wɔde siw anam no na aboa de po so akwanhyia ne owuo no dodow no akɔ soro."
Europa Akwantuo Ho Nhyehyɛe
sesaEuropa Nkabomkuo (EU) no nni akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe baako a wɔn nyinaa de redi dwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ ma atukɔfo a wofiri aman a wonyaa nkɔsoɔ no. Aman bi te sɛ Spain ne Mɔlta de ato EU no anim sɛ wɔnhwɛ nkabom na wɔnyɛ biribi mfa akwan a akwantufoɔ fa so ba Europa no. Spain nso ayɛ mmra kwan so akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe ne akwan Abibifoɔ betumi ato hɔ ama Abibifoɔ, na wɔfa adwumayɛfoɔ fii aman binom te sɛ Senegal. Europa aman binom te France, wɔ ɔmanpanyin Nicolas Sarkozy, tumidie bere so no, de nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛbrɛ no ase, na mpo wɔsan hyɛɛ Abibifoɔ atukɔfo fo sɛ wɔnsan nkɔ Afrika. al."
Woreda ayamyɛ adi akyɛn France no, Spain nso, Baguakuw a wɔhwɛ aman ntam nkitaho ne abusuabɔ (Council on Foreign Relations) ne Abibiman yɛɛ apam na wɔmmoa wɔn na wɔmma atukɔtenafoɔ no nsane mmra Afrika.
De Haas ka sɛ, akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe a emu yɛ den biara antumi nni tebea no ho dwuma efisɛ ɛnyɛ hwee mfa hia a Europa aman no hia adwumayɛfoɔ dodow no ho asɛm biara. Dirk Kohnert ka sɛ, EU akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe de ani kɔɔ ahobanbɔ ne wɔn ahyeɛ a woretotom no.
Ɔgye di sɛ, EU boa ma sikasɛm mu mpuntuo kɔ soro wɔ Afrika atɔeɛ fam no bɛbrɛ kwati kwan akwantuo no ase. Stephen Castles ka sɛ, ɛsono akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ hɔ ma nkurow a wɔdi yie na ɛyɛ sen akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ hɔ ma Abibifoɔ. Nteaseɛ nhyɛda nni nsusueɛ a wokura sɛ, sɛ wɔboa sikasɛm mu mpuntuo wɔ wiase no Anafo fam a , ɛno na ɛbɛbrɛ akwantuo yi no ase a wɔfa Atifi kɔ no ase. Julien Brachet ka sɛ ɛmfa sɛ akwantufo wɔfiri Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no sua no, Europa akwantuo ho nhyehyɛe a wɔde asi hɔ wɔ Afrika Atifi ne Afrika Atɔeɛ no mu biara nni hɔ a, ɛtumi abrɛ akwantuo kɔ Europa no ase, na mmom no ɛboa akwantufoɔ no fa sum se kɔ Europa.."
Akontabuo
sesa- Aman ankasa a Afrika Sahara Atifi atukɔfo a wɔte Europa aman mu no fi
Aman pɔtee a wɔwoo Afrika Sahara Atifi atukɔtenafoɔ wɔ Europa Nkabomkuo, Norway ne Switzerland wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du-nson (2017) mu, wɔ apem mu. Source: Pew Research Center.
| Europa Nkabomkuo, Norway ne Switzerland | |
|---|---|
| Nigeria | 390 000 |
| South Africa | 310 000 |
| Somalia | 300 000 |
| Senegal | 270 000 |
| Gaana | 250 000 |
| Angola | 220 000 |
| Kenya | 180 000 |
| D. C. Congo | 150 000 |
| Cameroon | 150 000 |
| Ivory Coast | 140 000 |